Abstract
In four studies we examine whether and why respectfully engaging with other organizational members can augment creativity for individuals and teams. We develop and test a model in which respectful engagement among organizational members facilitates relational information processing, which in turn results in enhanced creative behaviors. We found a similar pattern across all four studies – respectful engagement is indirectly related, through relational information processing, to creative behavior at both the individual and team levels. These findings underscore the importance of respectful engagement in facilitating relational information processing and fostering creative behaviors at both the individual and team levels.
References
Section:
| Amabile, TM (1983) The Social Psychology of Creativity. New York: Springer-Verlag. Google Scholar, Crossref | |
| Amabile, TM (1988) A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. In: Staw, BM, Cummings, LL (eds) Research in Organizational Behavior. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, pp. 123–167. Google Scholar | |
| Anderson, N, West, M (1994) The personality of teamworking. Personnel Management 26(11): 81–83. Google Scholar | |
| Ashforth, BE, Kreiner, GE (1999) ‘How can you do it?’: Dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity. Academy of Management Review 24(3): 413–434. Google Scholar, ISI | |
| Baer, M (2010) The strength-of-weak-ties perspective on creativity: A comprehensive examination and extension. Journal of Applied Psychology 95(3): 592–601. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Baer, M, Oldham, GR (2006) The curvilinear relation between experienced creative time pressure and creativity: Moderating effects of openness to experience and support for creativity. Journal of Applied Psychology 91(4): 963–970. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Baumeister, R, Leary, MR (1995) The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin 117(3): 497–529. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Belsley, DA, Kuh, E, Welsch, RE (1980) Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity. New York: Wiley. Google Scholar, Crossref | |
| Bishop, SR, Lau, M, Shapiro, S (2004) Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 11(3): 230–241. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Blau, P (1964) Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: Wiley. Google Scholar | |
| Blader, SL, Tyler, TR (2009) Testing and extending the group engagement model: Linkages between social identity, procedural justice, economic outcomes, and extrarole behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology 94(2): 445–464. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Bliese, PD (2000) Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analyses. In: Klein, KJ, Kozlowski, SWJ (eds) Multilevel Theory, Research, and Methods in Organizations: Foundations, Extensions, and New Directions. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 349–381. Google Scholar | |
| Burt, RS (2004) Structural holes and good ideas. American Journal of Sociology 110(2): 349–399. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Campbell, DT, Fiske, DW (1959) Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin 56(2): 81–105. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Campbell, JD, Trapnell, PD. (1996) Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70(1): 141–156. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Carmeli, A, Gittell, JH (2009) High quality relationships, psychological safety and learning from failures in work organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior 30: 709-729. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Carmeli, A, Paulus, PB (forthcoming) CEO ideational facilitation leadership and team exploratory behaviors: The mediating role of knowledge sharing. The Journal of Creative Behavior. Google Scholar | |
| Carmeli, A, Schaubroeck, J (2007) The influence of leaders’ and other referents’ normative expectations on individual involvement in creative work. Leadership Quarterly 18(1): 35–48. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Carmeli, A, Schaubroeck, J, Tishler, A (2011) How CEO empowering leadership shapes top management team processes: Implications for firm performance. The Leadership Quarterly 22(2): 399–411. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Carmeli, A, Tishler, A, Edmondson, AC (2012) CEO relational leadership and strategic decision quality in top management teams: The role of team trust and learning from failure. Strategic Organization 10(1): 31–54. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI | |
| Chiaburu, DS, Harrison, DA (2008) Do peers make the place? Conceptual synthesis and meta-analysis of co-worker effects on perceptions, attitudes, OCBs and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology 93(5): 1082–1103. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Chaiken, S, Trope, Y (eds) (1999) Dual-Process Theories in Social Psychology. New York: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
| Conway, JM, Lance, CE (2010) What reviewers should expect from authors regarding common method bias in organizational research. Journal of Business and Psychology 25(3): 325–334. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Coyle-Shapiro, J, Conway, N (2005) Exchange relationships: Examining psychological contracts and perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology 90(4): 774–781. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| De Dreu, CKW (2007) Cooperative outcome interdependence, task reflexivity and team effectiveness: A motivated information processing approach. Journal of Applied Psychology 92(3): 628–638. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| De Dreu, CKW, Baas, M, Nijstad, BA (2008) Hedonic tone and activation level in the mood-creativity link: Toward a dual pathway to creativity model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94(5): 739–756. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| De Dreu, CKW, Nijstad, BA, Van Knippenberg, D (2008) Motivated information processing in group judgment and decision making. Personality and Social Psychology Review 12(1): 22–49. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI | |
| DeVellis, RF (2003) Scale Development: Theory and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
| Di Stefano, G, Gino, F, Pisano, G, Staats, B (2014) Learning by thinking: How reflection aids performance. Working paper, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA. Google Scholar | |
| Dutton, JE (2003) Energize Your Workplace: How to Build and Sustain High-Quality Connections at Work. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
| Dutton, JE, Debebe, G, Wrzesniewski, A (forthcoming) Being valued and devalued at work: A social valuing perspective. Qualitative Organizational Research: Best Papers from the Davis Conference on Qualitative Research, Volume 3, Information Age Publishing. Google Scholar | |
| Dutton, JE, Ragins, BR (2007) Moving forward: Positive relationships at work as a research frontier. In: Dutton, JE, Ragins, BR (eds) Exploring Positive Relationships at Work: Building a Theoretical and Research Foundation. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 387–400. Google Scholar | |
| Edmondson, AC (1999) Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly 44(2): 350–383. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI | |
| Eisenberger, R, Huntington, R, Hutchison, S, Sowa, D (1986) Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology 71(3): 500–507. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Festinger, L (1950) Informal social communication. Psychological Review 57(5): 271–282. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Ford, JD, Ford, LW (1995) The role of conversations in producing intentional change in organizations. The Academy of Management Review 20(3): 541–570. Google Scholar, ISI | |
| Fredrickson, BL (1998) What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology 2(3): 300–319. Google Scholar, Crossref | |
| Fredrickson, BL (2013) Love 2.0: How Our Supreme Emotion Affects Everything We Feel, Think, Do, and Become. New York: Hudson Street Press. Google Scholar | |
| Friedkin, NE (2004) Social cohesion. Annual Review of Sociology 30: 409–425. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Gini, A (1998) Work, identity and self: How we are formed by the work we do. Journal of Business Ethics 17(7): 707–714. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Gittell, JH (2003) A theory of relational coordination. In: Cameron, KS, Dutton, JE, Quinn, RE (eds) Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 279–295. Google Scholar | |
| Goffman, E (1967) Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. New York: Doubleday Anchor. Google Scholar | |
| Gottman, JM (1994) Why Marriages Succeed or Fail… and How You Can Make Yours Last. New York: Simon & Schuster. Google Scholar | |
| Graen, GB, Uhl-Bien, M (1995) Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly 6(2): 219–247. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Granovetter, MS (1973) The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology 78(6): 1360–1380. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Grant, AM, Langer, EJ, Falk, E, Capodilupo, C (2004) Mindful creativity: Drawing to draw distinctions. Creativity Research Journal 16(2–3): 261–265. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Guilford, JP (1967) Creativity: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. The Journal of Creative Behavior 1(1): 3–14. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Hambrick, DC (1994) Top management groups: A conceptual integration and reconsideration of the ‘team’ label. In: Staw, BM, Cummings, LL (eds) Research in Organizational Behavior. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 171–214. Google Scholar | |
| Hargadon, A (2008) Creativity that works. In: Zhou, J, Shalley, CE (eds) Handbook of Organizational Creativity. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 323–343. Google Scholar | |
| Harrington, DM (1990) The ecology of human creativity: A psychological perspective. In: Runco, MA, Albert, RS (eds) Theories of Creativity. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE, 143–169. Google Scholar | |
| Hayes, AF (2012) PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling [White paper]. URL: http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf Google Scholar | |
| Hocevar, D (1981) Measurement of creativity: Review and critique. Journal of Personality Assessment 45(5): 450–464. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Homans, GC (1974) Social Behaviour: Its Elementary Forms, revised edn. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Google Scholar | |
| Honneth, A (1992) Integrity and disrespect: Principles of a conception of morality based on the theory of recognition. Political Theory 20(2): 187–201. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI | |
| Jehn, KA (1995) A multi-method examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly 40(2): 256–282. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Josselson, R (1995) The Space Between Us: Exploring the Dimensions of Human Relationships. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
| Kahn, WA (1992) To be fully there: Psychological presence at work. Human Relations 45(4): 321–349. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI | |
| Khazanchi, S, Masterson, SS (2011) Who and what is fair matters: A multi-foci social exchange model of creativity. Journal of Organizational Behavior 32(1): 86–106. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Kohn, NW, Paulus, PB, Choi, Y (2011) Building on the ideas of others: An examination of the idea combination process. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47(3): 554–561. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Langer, EJ, Moldoveanu, M (2000) The construct of mindfulness. Journal of Social Issues 56(1): 1–9. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Lewis, K, Herndon, B (2011) Transactive memory systems: Current issues and future research directions. Organization Science 22(5): 1254–1265. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Liao, H, Liu, D, Loi, R (2010) Looking at both sides of the social exchange coin: A social cognitive perspective on the joint effects of relationship quality and differentiation on creativity. Academy of Management Journal 53(5): 1090–1109. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Liden, RC, Maslyn, JM (1998) Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management 24(1): 43–72. Google Scholar, Abstract, ISI | |
| Lubatkin, MH, Simsek, Z, Ling, Y, Veiga, JF (2006) Ambidexterity and performance in small- to medium-sized firms: The pivotal role of TMT behavioral integration. Journal of Management 32(5): 646–672. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI | |
| Mayer, RC, Davis, JH, Schoorman, FD (1995) An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review 20(3): 709–734. Google Scholar, ISI | |
| Mead, GH (1934) Mind, Self, and Society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | |
| Miller, D, Droge, C (1986) Psychological and traditional determinants of structure. Administrative Science Quarterly 31(4): 539–560. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Miller, JB, Stiver, IP (1997) The Healing Connection. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. Google Scholar | |
| Mueller, JS, Kamdar, D (2011) Why seeking help from teammates is a blessing and a curse: A theory of help seeking and individual creativity in team contexts. Journal of Applied Psychology 96(2): 263–276. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Nijstad, BA, Paulus, PB (2003) Group creativity: Common themes and future directions. In: Paulus, PB, Nijstad, BA (eds) Group Creativity: Innovation through Collaboration. New York: Oxford University Press, 326–339. Google Scholar, Crossref | |
| Nonaka, I (1994) A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science 5(1): 14–37. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| O’Reilly, CA, Flatt, S (1989) Executive team demography: Organizational innovation and firm performance. Working paper, University of California, Berkeley. Google Scholar | |
| Paulus, PB (2000) Groups, teams and creativity: The creative potential of idea-generating groups. Applied Psychology: An International Review 49(2): 237–262. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Paulus, PB (2008) Fostering creativity in groups and teams. In: Zhou, J, Shalley, CE (eds) Handbook of Organizational Creativity. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 165–188. Google Scholar | |
| Paulus, PB, Coskun, H (2012) Group creativity. In: Levine, JM (eds) Group Processes. London: Psychology Press, 215–239. Google Scholar | |
| Perry-Smith, JE (2006) Social yet creative: The role of social relationships in facilitating individual creativity. Academy of Management Journal 49(1): 85–101. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Perry-Smith, JE, Shalley, CE (2003) The social side of creativity: A static and dynamic social network perspective. Academy of Management Review 28(1): 89–106. Google Scholar, ISI | |
| Podsakoff, PM, MacKenzie, SB, Podsakoff, NP (2012) Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology 63: 539–569. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Poplin, M, Weeres, J (1994) Voices from the Inside: A Report on Schooling from Inside the Classroom. Claremont, CA: Institute for Education in Transformation at the Claremont Graduate School. Google Scholar | |
| Preacher, KJ, Hayes, AF (2004) SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 36(4): 717–731. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline | |
| Rafferty, AE, Griffin, MA (2004) Dimensions of transformational leadership: Conceptual and empirical extensions. Leadership Quarterly 15(3): 329–354. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Ramarajan, L, Barsade, SG, Burack, O (2008) The influence of organizational respect on emotional exhaustion in the human services. Journal of Positive Psychology 3(1): 4–18. Google Scholar, Crossref | |
| Rawls, J (1971) A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | |
| Rhoades, L, Eisenberger, R (2002) Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology 87(4): 698–714. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Rietzschel, EF, De Dreu, CKW, Nijstad, BA (2009) What are we talking about when we talk about creativity: Group creativity as a multifaceted multistage phenomenon. In: Mannix, EA, Neale, M, Goncalo, JA (eds) Research on Managing Groups and Teams: Creativity in Groups. Palo Alto, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1–23. Google Scholar | |
| Robinson, S (1996) Trust and breach of the psychological contract. Administrative Science Quarterly 41(4): 574–599. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Rochlin, GI (1989) Informal organizational networking as a crisis-avoidance strategy: US naval flight operations as a case study. Organization & Environment 3(2): 159–176. Google Scholar | |
| Rogers, CR (1957) The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology 21(2): 95–103. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline | |
| Rogers, CR (1967) The interpersonal relationship: The core of guidance. In: Rogers, CR, Stevens, B (eds) Person to Person: The Problem of Being Human. New York: Pocket Books, 85–101. Google Scholar | |
| Rosenberg, MB (2003) Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Life, 2nd edn. Encinitas, CA: Puddle Dancer. Google Scholar | |
| Salanick, GS, Pfeffer, J (1978) A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. Administrative Science Quarterly 23(2): 224–253. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Sennett, R (2003) Respect in a World of Inequality. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. Google Scholar | |
| Shalley, CE, Gilson, LL, Blum, TC (2009) Interactive effects of growth need strength, work context, and job complexity on self-reported creative performance. Academy of Management Journal 52(3): 489–505. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Shin, SJ, Zhou, J (2007) When is educational specialization heterogeneity related to creativity in research and development teams? Transformational leadership as a moderator. Journal of Applied Psychology 92(6): 1709–1721. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Simonton, DK (2000) Creativity: Cognitive, developmental, personal, and social aspects. American Psychologist 55(1): 151–158. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Sosa, ME (2011) Where do creative interactions come from? The role of tie content and social networks. Organization Science 22(1): 1–21. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Stephens, JP, Heaphy, E, Dutton, JE (2012) High-quality connections. In: Cameron, K, Spreitzer, G (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship. New York: Oxford University Press, 385–400. Google Scholar | |
| Stephens, JP, Heaphy, ED, Carmeli, A, Spreitzer, GM, Dutton, JE (2013) Relationship quality and virtuousness: Emotional carrying capacity as a source of individual and team resilience. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 49(1): 13–41. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI | |
| Sternberg, RJ, Lubart, TI (1996) Investing in creativity. American psychologist 51(7): 677–688. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Stokes, JP (1983) Components of group cohesion: Intermember attraction, instrumental value, and risk taking. Small Group Behavior 14(2): 163–173. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI | |
| Storm, C, Storm, T (1987) A taxonomic study of the vocabulary of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53(4): 805–816. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Tepper, BJ (2007) Abusive supervision in work organizations: Review, synthesis, and research agenda. Journal of Management 33(3): 261–289. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI | |
| Thibaut, JW, Kelley, HH (1959) The Social Psychology of Groups. New York: Wiley. Google Scholar | |
| Tjosvold, D, Johnson, DW, Lerner, J (1981) Effects of affirmation and acceptance on incorporation of opposing information in problem-solving. The Journal of Social Psychology 114(1): 103–110. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Uzzi, B, Spiro, J (2005) Collaboration and creativity: The small world problem. American Journal of Sociology 111(2): 447–504. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Van Kleef, GA, De Dreu, CKW, Manstead, ASR (2004) The interpersonal effects of emotions in negotiation: A motivated information processing approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87(4): 510–528. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Vogus, TJ (2006) What is it about relationships? A behavioral theory of social capital and performance. In: Eaton, A (ed.) Labor and Employment Relations Association Series. Boston, MA: Labor and Employment Relations Association, 164–173. Google Scholar | |
| Vogus, TJ (2011) Mindful organizing: Establishing and extending the foundations of highly reliable performance. In: Cameron, K, Spreitzer, GM (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 664–676. Google Scholar, Crossref | |
| Weick, KE (1993) The collapse of sensemaking in organizations: The Mann Gulch disaster. Administrative Science Quarterly 38(4): 628–652. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| West, MA (1996) Reflexivity and work group effectiveness: A conceptual integration. In: West, MA (eds) Handbook of Work Group Psychology. Chichester: Wiley, 555–579. Google Scholar | |
| Williams, LJ, Anderson, SE (1994) An alternative approach to method effects by using latent-variable models: Applications in organizational behavior research. Journal of Applied Psychology 79(3): 323–331. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Zhou, J, George, JM (2001) When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal 44(4): 682–696. Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Zhou, J, Shin, SJ, Cannella, AA (2008) Employee self-perceived creativity after mergers and acquisitions: Interactive effects of threat-opportunity perception, access to resources, and support for creativity. Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences 44(4): 397–421. Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI |
