![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
This article sketches the dominant themes that have shaped Dutch discourse, policy and research on issues related to race, ethnicity, and immigration during the past 40 years. It will be shown that the paradigmatic foundations of Dutch minority research were laid in the 1980s and that mainstream research and discourse is largely about ethnic minorities; about their migration and their degree (or lack) of economic, social and political integration in the Netherlands. By (co)incident or design, ethnic minorities – invariably called allochtonen, a Dutch word for non-natives or aliens, irrespective of citizenship – are problematized, while mainstream research generally downplays the ramifications of the colonial history, and concomitant presuppositions of European (Dutch) cultural superiority. We present an extended discussion of the denial of racism and the de-legitimization of racism research. Common sense (notions of) racism profoundly shaped research interpretations and research agendas. Mainstream researchers and scholars are largely critical of antiimmigrant discourse, but with the silencing of race critical paradigms there are few concepts and frameworks left to analyze and contextualize which anti-immigrant sentiments and policies are historically rooted in the invention of race and the Other and which sentiments are fears, discomforts and insecurities resulting from the uncontrollable paradigms of globalization in a world that has become smaller.
Keywords ethnicity, immigration policy, racism
| Aalberts, M.M.J. and Kamminga, E.M. (1983) Politie en allochtonen (‘Police and Aliens’). Den Haag: Staatsuitgeverij . Google Scholar | |
| Aerts, M. and Saharso, S. (1994) ‘Sekse als Etniciteit’ (‘Gender as Ethnicity’),Tijdschrift voor Vrouwenstudies 15(1): 11-26 . Google Scholar | |
| Amersfoort, J.M.M.v. (1974) Immigratie en minderheidsvorming (‘Immigration and Minority Formation’). Alphen aan den Rijn: Samson . Google Scholar | |
| Bal, M. (2005) ‘The Violence of Gender’, in P. Essed , D.T. Goldberg and A. Kobayashi (eds) A Companion to Gender Studies, pp. 530-543. Oxford: Blackwell . Google Scholar | |
| Barak, M.M. (2005) Managing Diversity: Toward a Globally Inclusive Workplace. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage . Google Scholar | |
| Berg-Eldering, L.v.d. (1979) Marokkaanse gezinnen in Nederland(‘Moroccan Families in the Netherlands’). Alp hen aan den Rijn: Samson . Google Scholar | |
| Botman, M. , Jouwe, N. and Wekker, G. (eds) (2001) Caleidoscopische Visies: De Zwarte, migranten en vluchtelingen Vrouwenbeweging in Nederland(‘Kaleidoscopic Visions: The Black, Migrant and Refugee Women's Movement in the Netherlands’). Amsterdam: KIT . Google Scholar | |
| Bovenkerk, F. (ed.) (1978) Omdat zij anders zijn (‘Because They Are Different’). Meppel: Boom . Google Scholar | |
| Bovenkerk, F. (1986) Een eerlijke kans(‘A Fair Chance’). Den Haag: ACOM . Google Scholar | |
| Bovenkerk, F. (1999) ‘Rassenrellen of Criminatiteit?’ ,Migrantenstudies 15(4): 255-270 (online version). Google Scholar | |
| Bovenkerk, F. , Bruin, K. , Brunt, L. and Wouters, H. (1985) Vreemd volk, gemende gevoelens(‘Strange Folk, Mixed Feelings’). Meppel: Boom . Google Scholar | |
| Bulmer, M. and Solomos, J. (eds) (2004) Researching Race and Racism. London/New York: Routledge . Google Scholar | |
| de Jongh, R. , van der Laan, M. and Rath, J. (1984) FNVers aan het woord over buitenlandse werknemers (‘FNV Members Speak out about Foreign Workers’). Leiden: COMT, University of Leiden . Google Scholar | |
| den Uyl, R. , Choenni, C. and Bovenkerk, F. (1986) Mag het ook een buitenlander wezen (‘Will A Foreigner also Do?’). Utrecht: LBR . Google Scholar | |
| Dummett, A. (1973) A Portrait of English Racism. Harmondsworth: Penguin . Google Scholar | |
| Elich, J. and Maso, B. (1984) Discriminatie, vooroordeel en racisme in Nederland (‘Discrimination, Prejudice and Racism in the Netherlands’). ' s-Gravenhage: ACOM/ Ministerie van binnenlandse zaken . Google Scholar | |
| Essed, P. (1982) ‘Racisme en Feminisme’ (‘Racism and Feminism’),Socialisties Feministiese Teksten 7: 9-40 . Google Scholar | |
| Essed, P. (1991) Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage . Google Scholar | |
| Essed, P. (1996) Diversity: Gender, Color and Culture. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press . Google Scholar | |
| Essed, P. (2001) ‘Multi-Identifications and Transformations: Reaching Beyond Racial and Ethnic Reductionisms’ ,Social Identities 7(4): 493-509 . Google Scholar, Crossref | |
| Essed, P. (2002) ‘Cloning Cultural Homogeneity While Talking Diversity: Old Wine in New Bottles in Dutch Work Organizations?’ ,Transforming Anthropology 11(1): 2-12 . Google Scholar, Crossref | |
| Essed, P. (2004) ‘Naming the Unnamable: Sense and Sensibilities in Researching Racism’, in M. Bulmer and J. Solomos (eds) Researching Race and Racism, pp. 119-133. London: Routledge . Google Scholar | |
| Essed, P. and Goldberg, D.T. (eds) (2002) Race Critical Theories. Text and Context. Oxford/Malden, MA: Blackwell . Google Scholar | |
| Goldberg, D.T. and Essed, P. (2002) ‘Introduction: From Racial Demarcations to Multiple Identifications’, in P. Essed and D.T. Goldberg (eds) Race Critical Theories: Text and Context, pp. 1-11. Oxford/Malden, MA: Blackwell . Google Scholar, Crossref | |
| Gijsberts, M. and Dagevos, J. (2004) ‘Concentratie en wederzijdse beeldvorming tussen autochtonen en allochtonen’ (‘Concentration and Mutual Representations among Authochtonous and Allochtonous’),Migrantenstudies 20(3): 145-168 . Google Scholar | |
| Hondius, D. (1999) Gemengde hutwelijken, gemengde gevoelens (‘Mixed Marriages, Mixed Feelings’). Den Haag: SDU . Google Scholar | |
| Köbben, A. (1985) ‘Oordeel en discriminatie’ (‘Judgment and Discrimination’), in Etnische minderheden(‘Ethnic Minorities’), pp. 53-66. Meppel: Boom . Google Scholar | |
| Luning, M. (1976) Politie en Surinamers (‘Police and the Surinamese’). Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam . Google Scholar | |
| Mannen, A. (2005) Social and Cultural Sensitivity in Work Organizations. Utrecht: Tiye International . Google Scholar | |
| Meurs, P. and Broeders, D. (2002) ‘Nederland als immigratiesamenleving’ (‘The Netherlands as Immigrant Country’),Migrantenstudies 18(2): 64-77 . Google Scholar | |
| Mok, I. (1999) In the Ban van het Ras(‘Under the Spell of Race’). Amsterdam: ASCA . Google Scholar | |
| Molleman, H. (2003) ‘Het Minderhedenbeleid in Retrospectief’ ,Socialisme en Democratie 1(2): 62-66 . Google Scholar | |
| Mullard, C. (1986) ‘Pluralism, Ethnicism and Ideology: Implications for a Transformative Pedagogy’, CRES Publication Series,Working Paper No. 2, University of Amsterdam . Google Scholar | |
| Mullard, C. (1991) Modellen voor Intercultureel Management. Een verkenning van management methodieken. Amsterdam: Focus Consultancy/Den Haag: Ministerie van Welzijn, Volksgezondheid en Cultuur . Google Scholar | |
| Mullard, C. , Nimako, K. and Willemsen, G. (1990) De Plurale Kubus: Een Vertoog Over Emancipatiemodellen en Minderhedenbeleid(‘The Plural Cube: Discourse on Emancipation Models and Minorities Policy’). ' s-Gravenhage: Warray . Google Scholar | |
| Mullard, C. , Nimako, K. and Willemsen, G. (1991) Kleurloos Onderzoek: Over het aandeel van etnische onderzoekers in het minderhedenonderzoek. (‘Colorless Research’). Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam , CRES Research Paper no. 5. Google Scholar | |
| Nimako, K. (1999) Voorbij Multiculturalisatie: Amsterdam Zuidoost als strategische locatie(‘Beyond Multiculturalization: Amsterdam Southeast as Strategic Location’). Rotterdam: Gramo de Combinatie . Google Scholar | |
| Prins, B. (2002) ‘Het lef om taboes te doorbreken. Nieuw realisme in het Nederlandse discours over multiculturalisme’ (‘The Guts to Break Taboos’),Migrantenstudies 18(4): 241-254 . Google Scholar | |
| Prins, B. (2004) De onschuld voorbij. Het debat over de multiculturele samenleving (‘Beyond Innocence. The Debate about the Multicultural Society’). Amsterdam: van Gennep . Google Scholar | |
| Prins, B. and Saharso, S. (1999) ‘Multicultureel burgerschap: een introductie’ (‘Multicultural Citizenship: An Introduction’),Migrantenstudies 15(2): 62-69 . Google Scholar | |
| Rath, J. (2001) ‘Research on Immigrant Ethnic Minorities in the Netherlands’, in P. Radcliffe (ed.) The Politics of Social Science Research. ‘Race’, Ethnicity and Social Change, pp. 137-159. Basingstoke: Palgrave . Google Scholar, Crossref | |
| Scheffer, P. (2000) ‘Het multiculturele drama’ (‘The Multicultural Drama’),NRC,29 January. Google Scholar | |
| Theunis, S. (1979) Ze zien liever mijn handen dan mijn gezicht (‘They Prefer to See My Hands Rather than My Face’). Weesp: Het Wereldvenster . Google Scholar | |
| Tilly, C. (1998) Durable Inequality. Berkeley: University of California Press . Google Scholar | |
| van der Valk, I. (2002) Difference, Deviance, Threat? Mainstream and Right-extremist Political Discourse on Ethnic Issues in the Netherlands and France (1990-1997). Amsterdam: Aksant . Google Scholar | |
| van Dijk,T.A. (1983) Minderheden in de media(‘Minorities in the Media’). Amsterdam: SUA . Google Scholar | |
| van Dijk, T.A. (1993) Elite Discourse and Racism. Newbury Park, CA: Sage . Google Scholar, Crossref | |
| Vermeulen, H. (1984) Etnische groepen en grenzen: Surinamers, Chinezen en Turken (‘Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: Surinamese, Chinese and Turks’). Weesp: Het Wereldvenster . Google Scholar | |
| Wekker, G. (2002) ‘Nesten bouwen op een winderige plek. Denken over etniciteit en gender in Nederland’ (‘Building Nests in a Windy Place. Thinking about Ethnicity and Gender in The Netherlands’), inaugural speech, University of Utrecht, 19 April. Google Scholar | |
| Wekker, G. and Braidotti, R. (eds) (1996) Praten in het Donker(‘Talking in the Dark’). Kampen: Kok Agora . Google Scholar | |
| Wetenschappelijk Raad voor het Regeringsbeleid (WRR, no. 17) (1979) Etnische Minderheden (‘Ethnic Minorities’). ' s-Gravenhagen: Staatsdrukerij Uitgeverij . Google Scholar | |
| Wodak, R. and van Dijk, T.A. (eds) (2000) Racism at the Top. Parliamentary Discourses on Ethnic Issues in Six European States. Klagenfurt/Celovec, Austria: Drava . Google Scholar | |
| Young, J. (1999) The Exclusive Society. Social Exclusion, Crime and Difference in Late Modernity. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage . Google Scholar |
