This paper presents the test results of an experimental study to investigate the durability of newly developed glass fiber-reinforced polymer bars. The main objective of this study is to investigate any degradation in the tensile properties of the glass fiber-reinforced polymer bars using accelerated aging methods. Glass fiber-reinforced polymer bars were embedded in concrete prisms and exposed to several environmental conditions for 6, 12, and 18 months. The environments included exposure to tap water and seawater at two temperatures (room temperature and 50°C), seawater dry/wet cycles and alkaline solution at 50°C. In addition, two typical field conditions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Gulf area and Riyadh area) were included. The performance of the glass fiber-reinforced polymer bars was evaluated by conducting tensile tests on the bars extracted out from the concrete prisms after exposure to different conditions. In addition, scanning electron microscope was used to investigate the degradation mechanism of the bars. After 18 months of exposure, test results showed that both the tap water at 50°C and the alkaline solution at 50°C had the maximum harmful effect on the tensile strength of glass fiber-reinforced polymer bars. The two field conditions showed almost no degradation in the tensile properties of the tested bars.

1. ACI 440.1R-06. Guide for the design and construction of concrete reinforced with FRP bars, Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute, 2006. Google Scholar
2. Yunovich, M, Thompson, N. Corrosion of highway bridges: economic impact and control methodologies. Concr Inst 2003; 25: 5257. Google Scholar
3. Cusson, D, Isgor, B. Durability of concrete structures: prevention, evaluation, inspection, repair and prediction. Can J Civ Eng 2004; 21: 45, 19. Google Scholar
4. Al-Zahrani M. Tensile strength degradation of glass fiber reinforced polymer bars in aggressive solutions both as stand-alone and cast-in-concrete. In: Proceedings of the eighth International Conference on FRP reinforcement for concrete structures, Patras, Greece, July 16–18, 2007, pp.1–10. Google Scholar
5. El-Gamal, SE, El-Salakawy, EF, Benmokrane, B. Behavior of concrete bridge deck slabs reinforced with FRP bars under concentrated loads. ACI Struct J 2005; 102: 727735. Google Scholar
6. Nkurunziza, G, Debaiky, A, Cousin, P. Durability of GFRP bars: a critical review of the literature. Proc Struct Eng Mater 2005; 7: 194209. Google Scholar, Crossref
7. Alsayed SH, Alhozaimy AM, Al-Salloum YA, et al. Durability of the new generation of GFRP rebars under severe environments. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Durability of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Construction (CDCC 2002), Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May 29–31, 2002, pp.651–663. Google Scholar
8. El-Gamal, SE, El-Salakawy, EF, Benmokrane, B. Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of concrete bridge deck slabs reinforced with FRP bars. J Compos Constr ASCE 2007; 11: 449458. Google Scholar, Crossref
9. Ceroni, F, Cosenza, E, Gaetano, M. Durability issues of FRP rebars in reinforced concrete members. Cem Concr Compos 2006; 28: 857868. Google Scholar, Crossref
10. Alsayed S and Alhozaimy A. Effect of high temperature and alkaline solutions on the durability of FRP bars. In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Durability of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Construction (CDCC’98), Sherbrooke, Canada, 5–7 August, 1998, pp.623–634. Google Scholar
11. Chong K. Durability of composite materials and structures. In: First International Conference on Durability of Fiber Reinforced Polymer for Construction (CDCC’98), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, 5–7 August, 1998, pp.1–12. Google Scholar
12. Tannous, E, Saadatmanesh, H. Environmental effects on the mechanical properties of E-glass FRP rebars. ACI Mater J 1998; 95: 87100. Google Scholar
13. Swit, G Durability of stressed E-glass fibre in alkaline medium. In: Cardon, AH, Fukuda, H, Reifsneider, KL, Verchery, G (eds). Recent developments in durability analysis of composite systems, Rotterdam, Netherlands: Balkema, 2000, pp. 473476. Google Scholar
14. Valter T and Ralejs T. Durability and service life prediction of GFRP for concrete reinforcement. In: Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Fibre-Reinforced Plastics for reinforced Concrete Structures, University of Cambridge, Vol. 1, 2001, pp.505–514. Google Scholar
15. Dejke V. Durability of FRP reinforcement in concrete. Thesis for the degree of Licentiate of Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, 2001. Google Scholar
16. Sen, R, Mullins, G, Salem, T. Durability of E-glass/vinylester reinforcement in alkaline solution. ACI Struct J 2002; 99: 369375. Google Scholar
17. Almusallam T, Al-Salloum Y, Alsayed S, et al. Durability of GFRP rebars in concrete beams under sustained loads at severe environments. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on FRP Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, Singapore, 8–10 July 2003, pp.823–832. Google Scholar
18. Uomoto T. Durability design of GFRP rods for concrete reinforcement. In: Proceedings of the sixth international symposium on FRP reinforcement for concrete structures, Singapore, July 8–10 2003, pp.37–50. Google Scholar
19. Nkurunziza G. Performance of glass FRP bars as reinforcement for concrete structures under the effect of sustained loads and elevated temperature in humid and alkaline environment. PhD thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, 2004. Google Scholar
20. Micelli, F, Nanni, A. Durability of FRP rods for concrete structures. Constr Build Mater 2004; 18: 491503. Google Scholar, Crossref
21. Almusallam, T, Al-Salloum, Y. Durability of GFRP rebars in concrete beams under sustained loads at severe environments. J Compos Mater 2006; 40: 623637. Google Scholar, Link
22. Al-Salloum, Y, Almusallam, T. Creep effect on the behavior of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars subjected to different environments. Constr Build Mater 2007; 21: 15101519. Google Scholar, Crossref
23. Demis S, Pilakoutas K and Byars E. Durability of fibre reinforced polymers in concrete-procedures for reduced alkalinity exposures. In: Proceedings of the eighth International Conference on FRP reinforcement for concrete structures, Patras, Greece, July 16–18 2007. Google Scholar
24. Kim, H, Park, Y, You, Y. Short-term durability test for GFRP rods under various environmental conditions. Compos Struct 2008; 83: 3747. Google Scholar, Crossref
25. Porter M and Barnes B. Accelerated durability of FRP reinforcement for concrete structures. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Durability of Fiber Reinforced Polymer for Construction, Sherbrooke, Canada, 1998, pp.191–202. Google Scholar
26. Chu W and Karbhari V. Characterization and moisture and alkali effects on E-glass/vinylester composites. In: Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Durability of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites for Construction, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2002, pp.359–369. Google Scholar
27. Chu, W, Wu, L, Karbhari, V. Durability evaluation of moderate temperature cured E-glass/vinylester systems. Compos Struct 2004; 66: 367376. Google Scholar, Crossref
28. Gaona F. Characterization of design parameters for composite reinforced concrete systems. PhD thesis. Texas A&M University, 2003. Google Scholar
29. Wang P. Effect of moisture, temperature, and alkaline on durability of E-glass/vinyl Ester reinforcing bars. PhD thesis, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, 2005. Google Scholar
30. Chen, Y, Davalos, J, Ray, I. Accelerated aging tests for evaluations of durability performance of FRP reinforcing bars for concrete structures. Compos Struct 2007; 78: 101111. Google Scholar, Crossref
31. Robert, M, Cousin, P, Benmokrane, B. Durability of GFRP reinforcing bars embedded in moist concrete. J Compos Constr 2009; 13: 6673. Google Scholar, Crossref
32. Mufti, A, Onofrei, M, Benmokrane, B. Durability of GFRP reinforced concrete in field structures. ACI Spec Publ 2005; 230: 13611378. Google Scholar
33. ASTM D 7205. Standard test method for tensile properties of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite bars, 2006. Google Scholar
34. Syed, S. Atmospheric corrosion of hot and cold rolled carbon steel under field exposure in Saudi Arabia. Corros Sci 2008; 50: 17791784. Google Scholar, Crossref
35. ACI 440.3R-04. Guide test methods for fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) for reinforcing or strengthening concrete structures, Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute, 2004. Google Scholar
36. Masmoudi, R, Masmoudi, A, Ouezdou, MB. Long-term bond performance of GFRP bars in concrete under temperature ranging from 20°C to 80°C. Constr Build Mater 2011; 25: 486493. Google Scholar, Crossref
37. Liao, K, Schultheisz, CR, Hunston, DL. Effects of environmental aging on the properties of pultruded GFRP. Composites Part B 1999; 30: 485493. Google Scholar, Crossref
38. Correia J, Cabral-Fonseca S, Branco F, et al. Durability of glass fibre reinforced polyester (GFRP) pultruded profiles used in civil engineering applications. In: Proceedings of the Third International ConferenceComposites in Construction, Lyon, France, July 11–13, 2005. Google Scholar

Vol 47, Issue 4, 2013