Abstract
This article analyses perceived in-group discrimination of 29,189 first and second generation immigrant respondents from 201 different countries of origin currently living in one of 27 EU countries. In addition to testing effects of individual factors, the article estimates the effects of macro-characteristics of both origin and destination countries and community variables. The migration history of these groups is relevant for perceived discrimination: immigrants with citizenship, who speak the majority language at home and have at least one native parent perceive less in-group discrimination, whereas religious respondents, especially from religions that differ more in comparison to the majority, perceive more in-group discrimination. Furthermore, macro-characteristics of the country of origin are most important in explaining differences between European countries. Immigrants from socio-economically more developed countries with higher living standards – and for that reason more comparable to the native population – are less likely to perceive in-group discrimination.
Nous avons analysé la discrimination perçue à l’encontre de leur endogroupe par 29.189 personnes interrogées qui sont des immigrés de première ou deuxième génération originaires de 201 pays et vivant actuellement dans l’un des 27 pays de l’Union européenne. Outre les effets que peuvent avoir les facteurs individuels, nous évaluons les effets des macro-caractéristiques à la fois du pays d’origine et du pays d’accueil, et les variables communautaires. L’histoire migratoire de ces groupes influe sur la discrimination perçue : les immigrés ayant acquis la citoyenneté dans le pays d’accueil, qui parlent la langue majoritaire à la maison et comptent au moins un membre de la famille natif du pays d’accueil, perçoivent une discrimination à l’encontre de leur endogroupe moins importante, tandis que les personnes interrogées qui sont religieuses (en particulier pour les religions qui se distinguent le plus de la majorité) perçoivent une discrimination envers leur endogroupe plus importante. Par ailleurs, les macro-caractéristiques du pays d’origine revêtent une importance particulière pour expliquer les différences entre les pays européens. Les immigrés originaires de pays socialement et économiquement plus développés avec un niveau de vie plus élevé, et donc d’un niveau plus proche de celui de la population du pays d’accueil, sont moins susceptibles de percevoir une discrimination à l’encontre de leur endogroupe.
Este artículo analiza la discriminación percibida del endogrupo de 29.189 inmigrantes de primera y segunda generación encuestados de 201 países de origen diferentes que actualmente viven en uno de los 27 países de la UE. Además de testar el efecto de factores individuales, se estima el efecto de las macro-características de los países de origen y destino y de variables a nivel de la comunidad. La historia migratoria de estos grupos es relevante para la percepción de la discriminación: los inmigrantes que poseen la ciudadanía, que hablan la lengua mayoritaria en casa y tienen al menos un progenitor nativo perciben menos discriminación del endogrupo, mientras que los encuestados religiosos, especialmente de las religiones que difieren más en comparación con la mayoría, perciben más discriminación del endogrupo. Por otra parte, las macro-características del país de origen son de gran importancia para explicar las diferencias entre los países europeos. Los inmigrantes de los países socio-económicamente más desarrollados con altos niveles de vida, y por ello más comparables a la población nativa, son menos propensos a percibir discriminación del endogrupo.
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