![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
Fifty former amateur boxers were examined and com pared with two control groups of soccer players and track and field athletes. All subjects were interviewed regarding their sports career, medical history, and so cial variables. They underwent a physical and a neuro logic examination. Personality traits were investigated and related to the platelet monoamine oxidase activity. Cerebral morphologic changes were evaluated using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imag ing. Further, clinical neurophysiologic tests were made as well as neuropsychologic tests.
No significant differences were found between the groups in any of the physical or neurologic examinations or in platelet monoamine oxidase activity. Socially, the boxers had a lower degree of education and had cho sen less intellectual professions, but they were less impulsive and more socialized. The computed tomog raphy images and magnetic resonance imaging studies showed no significant differences between the groups. There was a significantly higher incidence of slight or moderate electroencephalography deviations among the boxers. Neuropsychologically, the boxers had an inferior finger-tapping performance. Thus, no signs of serious chronic brain damage were found among any of the groups studied. However, the electroencepha lography and finger-tapping differences between the groups might indicate slight brain dysfunction in some of the amateur boxers.
| Adams Cwm, Bruton CJ The cerebral vasculature in dementia pugilistica J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 52 600-604, 1989 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Aoki N. Brain damage from boxing J Neurosurg 64 829-830, 1987 Google Scholar | |
| Beaussart M. , Beaussart-Boulengé L. "Experimental" study of cerebral concussion in 123 amateur boxers, by clinical examination and EEG before and immediately after fights Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 29 529-530, 1970 Google Scholar | |
| Beaussart M. , Decoulx J., Beaussart L. Study of commotio cerebri by EEG and clinical examination in young amateur boxers Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 14 789, 1962 Google Scholar | |
| Bergman H. Brain Dysfunction Related to Alcoholism Some Results from the KARTAD Project New York, Guilford, 1987, pp 21-44 Google Scholar | |
| Bergman H., Bergman I., Engelbrektson K., et al Psykologhandboken (Manual for psychologists) Stockholm, Magnus Huss Klinik, Karolinska sjukhuset , 1989 Google Scholar | |
| Bergman H., Borg S., Hindmarsh T., et al Computed tomography of the brain and neuropsychological assessment of male alcoholic patients and a random sample from the general male population , in Idestrom CM (ed) Alcohol and Brain Research Proceedings of the second Magnus Huss symposium Stockholm 5-8 September 1979 Acta Psychiatr Scand (Suppl) 286 77-88, 1980 Google Scholar | |
| Blonstein JL Care of the amateur boxer J Sports Med 17 79-82, 1977 Google Scholar | |
| Blonstein JL Injuries in sport Trans Med Soc Lond 90 20-30, 1974 Google Scholar, Medline | |
| Bionsten JL Boxing injuries J R Coll Gen Pract 18 100-103, 1969 Google Scholar, Medline | |
| Blonstein JL Sport and Medicine Medical aspects of amateur boxing Proc R Soc Med 59 649-652, 1966 Google Scholar, Abstract | |
| Blonstein JL , Clarke E. Further observations on the medical aspects of amateur boxing Br Med J 1 362-364, 1957 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline | |
| Bogdandoff B. , Howard MN Incidence of cavum septum pellucidum in adults A sign of boxers encephalopathy Neurology 39 991-992, 1989 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Brayne Ceg, Calloway SP, Dow L., et al Blood creatine kinase isoenzyme BB in boxers Lancet 2 1308-1309, 1982 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Brooks N., Kupshik G., Wilson L., et al: A neuropsychological study of active amateur boxers J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50:997-1000, 1987 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Busse EW, Silverman AJ Electroencephalographic changes in professional boxers JAMA 149 1522-1525, 1952 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Cabanis EA, Perez G., Tamraz JC, et al Cephalic magnetic resonance imaging of boxers Acta Radiol (Suppl) 369 365-366, 1986 Google Scholar | |
| Casson IR, Sham R., Campell EA, et al: Neurological and CT evaluation of knocked-out boxers J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 45 170-174, 1982 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Casson IR, Siegel O., Sham R., et al Brain damage in modern boxers JAMA 251 2663-2667, 1984 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Charnas L., Pyeritz RE Neurologic injuries in boxers Hosp Pract 21. 30-31, 34-39, 1986 Google Scholar, ISI | |
| Chiappa KH Evoked Potentials in Clinical Medicine. New York , Raven Press, 1983, pp 105-202 Google Scholar | |
| Christensen AL Lurias Neuropsycological Investigation Vojens, Denmark, P J Schmi'dts Bogtrykkeri , 1984 Google Scholar | |
| Corsellis Jan Boxing and the brain Br Med J 298. 105-109, 1989 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline | |
| Corsellis Jan , Bruton CJ, Freeman-Browne D.: The aftermath of boxing Psychol Med 3 270-303, 1973 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Critchley M. Medical aspects of boxing, particularly from a neurological standpoint Br Med J 1 357-362, 1957 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline | |
| Demos M. The answer of the USA amateur boxing federation to the American amateur association . World Amateur Boxing Magazine 13: 7-8, 1986 Google Scholar | |
| Dick Jpr, Guiloff RJ, Stewart A., et al Mini-mental state examination in neurological patients J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 47 496-499, 1984 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Drew RH, Templer DI, Schuyler BA, et al Neuropsychological deficits in active licensed professional boxers J Clin Psychol 42 520-525, 1986 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Elofsson SA , Gamberale F., Hindmarsh T., et al. Exposure to organic solvents A cross-sectional epidemiologic investigation on occupationally exposed car and industrial spray painters with special reference to the nervous system Scand J Work Environ Health 6 239-273, 1980 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Enzenauer RW , Montrey JS, Enzenauer RJ, et al Boxing-related injuries in the US Army, 1980 through 1985 JAMA 261 1463-1466, 1989 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Fowler CJ, von Knorring L., Oreland L. Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in sensation seekers Psychiatr Res 3 273-279, 1980 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Frascarelli M., Rocchi L., Oppido P., et al Analisi delle variazioni dell' attivita elettroencefalografica durante combattimenti fra pugili dilettanti Ital J Sports Traumatology 11 263-272, 1989 Google Scholar | |
| Friedman JH Progressive parkinsonism in boxers South Med J 82: 543-546,1989 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Gandy SE, Snow RB, Zimmerman RD, et al: Cranial nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in head trauma Ann Neurol 16 254-257, 1984 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Gibbs FA, Gibbs EL Atlas of Electroencephalography Cambridge, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1964, p 538 Google Scholar | |
| Goodin DS, Squires KS, Starr A. Long latency event-related components of the auditory evoked potential in dementia Brain 101 635-648, 1978 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Grahmann H. , Ule G. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der chronischen cerebralen Krankheitsbilder bei Boxern Psychiatr Neurol 134. 261-283, 1957 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline | |
| Gronwall D. , Wrightson P. Delayed recovery of intellectual function after minor head injury Lancet 2 605-609, 1974 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Gronwall D. , Wrightson P. Cumulative effect of concussion Lancet 2 995-997,1975 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Guterman A. , Smith RW: Neurological sequelae of boxing . Sports Med 4 194-210,1987 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Haglund Y., Bergstrand G. Does Swedish amateur boxing lead to chronic brain damage? 2 A retrospective study with cerebral computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging Acta Neurol Scand 82 297-302, 1990 Google Scholar, Medline, ISI | |
| Haglund Y., Edman G., Murelius O., et al Does Swedish amateur boxing lead to chronic brain damage? 1 A retrospective medical, neurological and personality trait study Acta Neurol Scand 82 245-252, 1990 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Haglund Y., Persson HE Does Swedish amateur boxing lead to chronic brain damage? 3 A retrospective clinical neurophysiological study Acta Neurol Scand 82 353-360, 1990 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Hallman J., Oreland L., Edman G., et al Trombocyte monoamine oxidase activity and personality traits in women with severe premenstrual syndrome Acta Psychiatr Scand 76. 225-234, 1987 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Hanson J., Levander B., Liliequist B.: Size of the intracerebral ventricles as measured with computed tomography, encephalography and echoventriculography Acta Radiol (Suppl) 346, 1975 Google Scholar | |
| Harvey Pkp, Newsom Davis J Traumatic encephalopathy in a young boxer Lancet 2 928-929,1974 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Hellspong M. The sport of boxing in Sweden A study of the cultural environment of sport Thesis University of Stockholm, Sweden, 1982 Google Scholar | |
| Hollnagel P. The "punch drunk" syndrome Reports of three cases of chronic encephalopathy in young boxers Ugeskr Laeg 136. 2871-2874, 1974 Google Scholar, Medline | |
| Isherwood J. , Mawdsley C., Ferguson FR: Pneumoencephalographic changes in boxers Acta Radiol 5 654-661, 1966 Google Scholar, ISI | |
| Jedlinski J. , Gatarski J., Szymusik A. Encephalopathia pugilistica (punch drunkness) Acta Med Pol 12: 443-451, 1971 Google Scholar, Medline | |
| Jensen SK, Schmidt-Olsen S., Mortensen V. Dansk amatørboksning i tre boksesaesoner 1983-1986 Ugeskr Laeger 150 1158-1159,1988 Google Scholar, Medline | |
| Johnson J. The EEG in the traumatic encephalopathy of boxers. Psychiatr Clin 2 204-211, 1969 Google Scholar, Medline | |
| Johnson J. Organic psychosyndromes due to boxing Br J Psychiatr 115 45-53, 1969 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Jordan BD Neurologic aspects of boxing Arch Neurol 44 453-459, 1987 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline | |
| Jordan BD, Campbell EA: Acute boxing injuries among professional boxers in New York State A two year survey Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting American College of Sports Medicine 17 212, 1985 Google Scholar | |
| Jordan BD, Zimmerman RD: Magnetic resonance imaging in amateur boxers Arch Neurol 45: 1207-1208, 1988 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline | |
| Kaplan HA, Browder J. Observations on the clinical and brain wave patterns of professional boxers JAMA 156 1138-1144, 1954 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Kaste M., Vilkki J., Saino K., et al Is chronic brain damage in boxing a hazard of the past? Lancet 2 1186-1188, 1982 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Kraus JF, Conroy C. Mortality and morbidity from injuries in sports and recreation Ann Rev Public Health 5. 163-192, 1984 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Kross R., Ohler K., Barohn GS Balleinwirkung auf den Kopf - eine quantifizierende EEG-Untersuchung bei Fussballern Z EEG-EMG 14 209-212, 1983 Google Scholar, Medline | |
| La Cava G.: Prevention in boxing. J Sports Med 23: 361-363, 1983 Google Scholar | |
| La Cava G. Boxerés encephalopathy J Sports Med Phys Fitness 3. 87-92, 1963 Google Scholar, Medline | |
| Lamontanara G., De Santis F., Accentura V. Onde lente posteriori nell'EEG di giovani pugili Med Sport 37 369-372, 1984 Google Scholar | |
| Lampert PW, Hardman JM Morphological changes in brains of boxers. JAMA 251 2676-2679, 1984 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Larsson LE, Melin KA, Nordstrom-Ohrberg G., et al Acute head injuries in boxers Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand (Suppl) 95 1-42, 1954 Google Scholar | |
| Levin HS, Amparo E., Eisenberg HM, et al Magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography in relation to the neurobehavioral sequelae of mild and moderate head injuries J Neurosurg 66 706-713, 1987 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Levin HS, Lippold SC, Goldman A., et al Neurobehavioral functioning and magnetic resonance imaging findings in young boxers J Neurosurg 67 657-667, 1987 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Lindsay KW, McLatchie G., Jennett B. Serious head injuries in sport Br Med J 281 789-791, 1980 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline | |
| Lubell A. Chronic brain injury in boxers Is it avoidable? Physician Sportsmed 17 126-132,1989 Google Scholar | |
| Ludwig R. Physician at Boxing Competitions in Scandinavia Farsta, Stockholm, Swedish Amateur Boxing Association, 1986 Google Scholar | |
| Ludwig R. Making boxing safer The Swedish model JAMA 255 2482, 1986 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Lund L., Espersen GT Skademønstret hos danske amatørboksere Ugeskr Laeger 150: 1159-1161, 1988 Google Scholar, Medline | |
| Lysens Rjj: Boxing Chronic brain injury in Belgian boxing Read at the 2nd meeting "Sports for all, Sports injuries and their prevention" , Papendal, The Netherlands, 1987 Google Scholar | |
| Macpherson P., Teasdale E. CT demonstration of a 5th ventricle - a finding to KO boxers? Neuroradiology 30 506-510, 1988 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Martland HS Punch drunk JAMA 91 1103-1107, 1928 Google Scholar, Crossref | |
| Masterson DW The ancient Greek origins of sports medicine Br J Sports Med 10 196-202,1976 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline | |
| Matthews WB Footballer's migraine Br Med J 2 326-327, 1972 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline | |
| Mawdsley C. , Ferguson FR Neurological disease in boxers Lancet 2 795-801, 1963 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| McCown I. Boxing injuries. Am J Surg 98 509-516, 1959 Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| McCunney RJ , Russo PK Brain injuries in boxers Physician Sportsmed 12 53-67,1984 Google Scholar, Crossref | |
| McLatchie G. , Brooks N., Galbraith S., et al Clinical neurological examination, neuropsychology, electroencephalography and computed tomographic head scanning in active amateur boxers J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50 96-99, 1987 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Merz B.: Is boxing a risk factor for Alzheimer's? JAMA 261 2597-2598, 1989 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Millspaugh JA Dementia pugilistica US Naval Med Bull 35 297, 1937 Google Scholar | |
| Mortimer JA: Epidemiology of post-traumatic encephalopathy in boxers. Minn Med 68 299-300, 1985 Google Scholar, Medline | |
| Murelius O., Haglund Y. Does Swedish amateur boxing lead to chronic brain damage? 4 A retrospective neuropsychological study Acta Neurol Scand 83. 9-13, 1991 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Murphy P.: Football-related fatalities increase Physician Sportsmed 15 63, 1987 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Nakano S., Hojo H., Kataoka K., et al Age related incidence of cavum septi pellucidi and cavum vergae on CT scans of pediatric patients J Comput Assist Tomogr 5 348-349, 1981 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Naumann B. Boxningssportens skadeverkningar, SOU 1961 46 Stockholm, 1961 Google Scholar | |
| Nesajarah MS , Seneviatne KN, Watson RS Electroencephalographic changes in Ceylonese boxers Br Med J 1 866-868, 1961 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline | |
| Neubuerger KT , Sinton DW, Denst J. Cerebral atrophy associated with boxing Am Med Assoc Arch Neurol Psychiatr 81 403-408, 1959 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline | |
| Noble C. Hand injuries in boxing Am J Sports Med 15 342-346, 1987 Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI | |
| Nordisk utredningsserie 1967 16 Boksningens medicinske skadevirkninger Stockholm, 1967 Google Scholar | |
| Nordstrom CH , Mellergård P., Holtås S., et al Livshotande intrakraniella blodningar i samband med boxning och misshandel Lakartidningen 87. 301-304,1990 Google Scholar, Medline | |
| Olbrich HM, Nau HE, Fritze J., et al. Event-related potentials in patients with brain tumors and traumatic head injuries, in Maurer K (ed): Topographic Brain Mapping of EEG and Evoked Potentials Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1989, pp 273-277 Google Scholar | |
| Pampus F., Grote W. Elektroencephalographische und klinische Befunde bei Boxern und ihre Bedeutung fur die Pathophysiologie der traumatischen Hirnschadigung Arch Psychiatr Z Neurol 194 152-178, 1956 Google Scholar, Crossref | |
| Pastena L., Francone A., Nobili-Benedetti F., et al: Le risposte evocate cerebrali nella valutazione dei traumatismi cranici da pugilato Med Sport 39 379-386, 1986 Google Scholar | |
| Payne EE Brains of boxers Neurochirurgia 11 173-188, 1968 Google Scholar, Medline | |
| Persson H. 10 år i ringen Stockholm, Tryckeri-Aktiebolaget Fylgia, 1933 Google Scholar | |
| Polich J., Ehlers CL, Otis S., et al P 300 latency reflects the degree of cognitive decline in dementing illness Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 63 138-144, 1986 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline | |
| Rauchfleisch U., Radu E. Personality of amateur boxers - results of a psychological test study Z Psychosom Med Psychoanal 29 276-285, 1983 Google Scholar, Medline | |
| Rimel RW, Giordani B., Barth JT, et al: Disability caused by minor head injury Neurosurgery 9 21-228, 1981 Google Scholar | |
| Roberts A. Brain damage in boxers London, Pitman Medical and Scientific Publishing Company Ltd, 1969 Google Scholar | |
| Roberts GW Immunocytochemistry of neurofibrillary tangles in dementia pugilistica and Alzheimer's disease Evidence for common genesis Lancet 2 1456-1458,1988 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Rodnguez G. , Ferrillo F., Montano V., et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in boxers Lancet 2 858, 1983 Google Scholar | |
| Ross RJ, Casson IR, Siegel O., et al Boxing injuries: Neurologic, radiologic, and neuropsychologic evaluation Clin Sports Med 6 41-51, 1987 Google Scholar, Medline, ISI | |
| Ross RJ, Cole M., Thompson JS, et al Boxers—computed tomography, EEG and neurological evaluation JAMA 249 211-213, 1983 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Rudiengaard P. Boxer's encephalopathy Ugeskr Laeg 136 2874-2875, 1974 Google Scholar, Medline | |
| Ryan AJ Intracranial injuries resulting from boxing A review (1918-1985) Clin Sports Med 6 31-40, 1987 Google Scholar, Medline, ISI | |
| Sabharwal RK, Sanchetee PC, Sethi PK, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in boxers J Assoc Physicians India 35 571-573, 1987 Google Scholar, Medline | |
| Saunders RL , Harbaugh RE The second impact in catastrophic contact-sports head trauma JAMA 252 538-539, 1984 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Schalling D., Åsberg M., Edman G., et al Markers for vulnerability to psychopathology Temperament traits associated with platelet MAO activity Acta Psychiatr Scand 76 172-182, 1987 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Schalling D. , Edman G. Personality and vurnerability to psychopathology The development of the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP) Manual in preparation 1991 Google Scholar | |
| Schmidt-Olsen S., Kaalund Jensen S, Mortensen V. Amateur boxing in Denmark Am J Sports Med 18 98-100, 1990 Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI | |
| Sercl M., Jaros O. The mechanisms of cerebral concussion in boxing and their consequences World Neurol 3 351-357, 1962 Google Scholar, Medline | |
| Simonsen J. Dodsfall i forbindelse med amatorboxning Ugeskr Læg 142. 895, 1980 Google Scholar, Medline | |
| Sironi VA, Scotti G., Ravagnati L., et al: CT-scan and EEG findings in professional pugilists Early detection of cerebral atrophy in young boxers J Neurosurg Sci 26. 165-168, 1982 Google Scholar, Medline | |
| Smodlaka VJ Medical aspects of heading the ball in soccer Physician Sportsmed 12 127-131, 1984 Google Scholar, Crossref | |
| Soutsu M. Auditory brain stem responses of knocked-out boxers No To Shinkei 9 883-887, 1988 Google Scholar | |
| Spillane JD Five boxers Br Med J 10: 1205-1210, 1962 Google Scholar | |
| Stiller JW , Weinberger DR Boxing and chronic brain damage Psychiatr Clin North Am 8 339-356, 1985 Google Scholar, Medline, ISI | |
| Swedish Governmental investigation SOU 1982:22 Svensk amatorboxning och skadeverkningarna Stockholm , 1982 Google Scholar | |
| Swedish socioeconomic classification Reports on Statistical Coordination 1982 4 Stockholm , Statistics Sweden, 1984 Google Scholar | |
| Temmes Y., Huhmar E. Electroencephalographic changes in boxers Acta Psychiatr 27 175-180, 1952 Google Scholar, Crossref, ISI | |
| Thomassen A., Juul-Jensen P., de Fine Olivarius B, et al: Neurological, electroencephalographic and neuropsychological examination of 53 former amateur boxers Acta Neurol Scand 60 352-362, 1979 Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI | |
| Thompson K. : Seventeen players died in football last year Physician Sportsmed 17. 37, 1989 Google Scholar | |
| Tysvaer AT , Storli OV Soccer injuries to the brain Am J Sports Med 17: 573-578,1989 Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, ISI | |
| Unterharnscheidt FJ Injuries Due to Boxing and Other Sports Amsterdam, North-Holland Publ Co, 1975, pp 531-567 Google Scholar | |
| Unterharnscheidt FJ Head injury after boxing Scand J Rehabil Med 4 77-84, 1972 Google Scholar, Medline | |
| Unterharnscheidt F. About boxing Review of historical and medical aspects. Tex Rep Biol Med 28 421-495, 1970 Google Scholar, Medline |
