| Bartky S. L. (1990). Femininity and domination: Studies in the phenomenology of oppression. New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
| Cikara M., Eberhardt J. L., Fiske S. T. (2010). From agents to objects: Sexist attitudes and neural responses to sexualized targets. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 540–551. doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.2149710.1162/jocn.2010.21497 Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline | |
| Fredrickson B. L., Roberts T.-A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173–206. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x Google Scholar Link | |
| Gervais S. J., Vescio T. K., Allen J. (2011a). When what you see is what you get: The consequences of the objectifying gaze for women and men. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35, 5–17. doi:10.1177/036168431038612110.1177/0361684310386121 Google Scholar Link | |
| Gervais S. J., Vescio T. K., Allen J. (2011b). When are people interchangeable sexual objects? The effect of gender and body type on sexual fungibility. British Journal of Social Psychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02016.x10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02016.x Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline | |
| Gervais S. J., Vescio T. K., Maass A., Förster J., Suitner C. (2012). When her whole = the sum of her parts: Seeing women as sexual objects. Manuscript submitted for publication. Google Scholar | |
| Heflick N. A., Goldenberg J. L. (2009). Objectifying Sarah Palin: Evidence that objectification causes women to be perceived as less competent and less fully human. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 598–601. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.00810.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.008 Google Scholar CrossRef | |
| Heflick N. A., Goldenberg J. L., Cooper D. P., Puvia E. (2011). From women to objects: Appearance focus, target gender, and perceptions of warmth, morality and competence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 572–581. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.02010.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.020 Google Scholar CrossRef | |
| Loughnan S., Haslam N. (2007). Animals and androids: Implicit associations between social categories and nonhumans. Psychological Science, 18, 116–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01858.x10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01858.x Google Scholar Link | |
| Loughnan S., Haslam N., Murnane T., Vaes J., Reynolds C., Suitner C. (2010). Objectification leads to depersonalization: The denial of mind and moral concern to objectified others. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 709–717. doi:10.1002/ejsp.75510.1002/ejsp.755 Google Scholar CrossRef | |
| Maurer D., Le Grand R., Mondloch C. J. (2002). The many faces of configural processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 255–260. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01903-410.1016/S1364-6613(02)01903-4 Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline | |
| Moradi B., Huang Y.-P. (2008). Objectification theory and psychology of women: A decade of advances and future directions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32, 377–398. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00452.x10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00452.x Google Scholar Link | |
| Reed C. L., Stone V. E., Bozova S., Tanaka J. (2003). The body-inversion effect. Psychological Science, 14, 302–308. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.32.1.7310.1037/0096-1523.32.1.73 Google Scholar Link | |
| Reed C. L., Stone V. E., Grubb J. D., McGoldrick J. E. (2006). Turning configural processing upside down: Part and whole body postures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 73–87. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.32.1.7310.1037/0096-1523.32.1.73 Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline | |
| Saguy T., Quinn D. M., Dovidio J. F., Pratto F. (2010). Interacting like a body: Objectification can lead women to narrow their presence in social interactions. Psychological Science, 21, 178–182. doi:10.1177/095679760935775110.1177/0956797609357751 Google Scholar Link | |
| Vaes J., Paladino M. P., Puvia E. (2011). Are sexualized females complete human beings? Why males and females dehumanize sexually objectified women. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 774–785. doi:10.1002/ejsp.82410.1002/ejsp.824 Google Scholar CrossRef | |
| Yin R. K. (1969). Looking at upside-down faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 141–145. doi:10.1037/h002747410.1037/h0027474 Google Scholar CrossRef |
Author Biographies
Kurt Hugenberg is a social psychologist and Professor of Psychology at Miami University. His research investigates stereotyping, prejudice, and face perception.
Steven Young is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Baruch College, City University of New York.
Robert J. Rydell is an Associate Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Indiana University. His work examines attitude formation and change as well as prejudice and stereotyping.
Steven Almaraz is a second year graduate student at Miami University. His research broadly investigates social cognition focusing how intergroup processes affect cognition.
Kathleen A. Stanko is a PhD student at Indiana University in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences. Her current work primarily examines how configural face processing confers humanity, as well as the influence of configural processing on implicit measures.
Pirita E. See is an Instructor of Psychology at South Dakota State University, where she teaches courses in Statistics and Research Methods, Social Psychology, and Health Psychology. Her research investigates how memberships in different social groups influence how we perceive, judge, and remember others.
John Paul Wilson is a social psychologist who studies person perception. He is currently a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Toronto.

