Abstract
The purposes of this article are (a) to describe drug search policies in nationally representative samples of schools from 1998 to 2001 and (b) to examine the association between drug searches by schools and reported drug use by students. Most schools (86%) reported searching students for cause or suspicion, while 40% of schools reported randomly searching students. The use of drug searches differed according to school characteristics. For-cause drug searches were positively associated with 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students’ 12-month illicit drug use, while random drug searches were associated (positively) only with 10th-grade students’ 12-month drug use.
References
Section:
| AscherCGaining control of violence in the schools: A view from the field1994New YorkInstitute for Urban and Minority Education, Columbia University | |
| BakerJAAre we missing the forest from the trees? Considering the social context of school violenceJournal of School Psychology1998362944 Crossref | |
| Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earl, 122 S.Ct. 2559 (2002) | |
| BrownTNSchulenbergJBachmanJGO'MalleyPMJohnstonLDAre risk and protective factors for substance use consistent across historical time?: National data from the high school classes of 1976 through 1997Prevention Science200122943 Crossref, Medline | |
| Commonwealth v. Damian D., 752 N.E.2d 679 (Mass. 2001) | |
| Doe v. Renfrow, 631 F.2d 91 (7th Cir. 1980) | |
| EhlenbergerKRThe right to search studentsEducational Leadership2001594Retrieved fromhttp://www.ascd.org/readingroom/elead/0112/ehlenberger.html | |
| GrunbaumJKannLKinchenSAWilliamsBRossJGLowryRKolbeLYouth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2001Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report200251164 | |
| HymanIAPeroneDCThe other side of school violence: Educator policies and practices that may contribute to student misbehaviorJournal of School Psychology199836727 Crossref | |
| ImpacTeen Illicit Drug TeamIllicit drug policies: Selected laws from the 50 states2002Berrien Springs, MIAndrews University | |
| In re Latasha, 70 Cal. Rptr. 2d 886 (Cal. Ct. App. 1998) | |
| In re Murray, 525 S.E.2d 791 (N.C. App. 2000) | |
| JohnsonRSMetal detector searches: An effective means to help keep weapons out of schoolsJournal of Law and Education200029197203 | |
| JohnstonLDO'MalleyPMBachmanJGMonitoring the Future: National survey results on drug use, 1975–2001. Volume 1: Secondary school students2002Bethesda, MDNational Institute on Drug AbuseNIH Publication No. 02-5106 | |
| LeeVELoebSSchool size in Chicago elementary schools: Effects on teachers' attitudes and students' achievementAmerican Educational Research Journal200037331 Link | |
| LeeVESmerdonBAAlfeld-LiroCBrownSLInside large and small high schools: Curriculum and social relationsEducational Evaluation and Policy Analysis200022147171 Link | |
| LeeVESmithJBHigh school size: Which works best and for whom?Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis199719205227 Link | |
| National Center for Education StatisticsIndicators of school crime and safety2001Washington, DCU.S. Department of Education | |
| New Jersey v. T.L.O., 469 U.S. 325 (1985) | |
| People of the State of Illinois v. Kenneth Dilworth, 169 Ill.2d 195 (1996) | |
| People of the State of New York v. Andre Jackson, 319 N.Y.S.2d 731 (1971) | |
| People of the State of New York v. Scott D., 358 N.Y.S.2d 403 (1974) | |
| People of the State of New York v. William Steward and Desmond Maxwell, 313 N.Y.S.2d 253 (1971) | |
| PollackBNHierarchical linear modeling and the “unit of analysis” problem: A solution for analyzing responses of intact group membersGroup Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice19982299312 Crossref | |
| RaudenbushSWBrykASHierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods20022nd edNewbury Park, CASage | |
| State of Louisiana v. Renen C. Barrett, 683 So.2d 331 (1996) | |
| StefkovichJAStrip searching after “Williams”: Reactions to the concern for school safetyWest's Education Law Quarterly1995493109 | |
| StefkovichJAMass and intrusive searches of students in public schools: A legal perspective and a call for critical analysisJournal for a Just and Caring Education19962229241 | |
| StefkovichJAO'BrienGMStudents' Fourth Amendment rights and school safety: An urban perspectiveEducation and Urban Society199729149161 Link | |
| Thompson v. Carthage School District, 87 F.3d 979 (8th Cir. 1996) | |
| Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton, 515 U.S. 646 (1995) | |
| WallaceJMExplaining race differences in adolescent and young adult drug use: The role of racialized social systemsDrugs and Society1999142136 Crossref | |
| WallaceJMBachmanJGO'MalleyPMSchulenbergJCooperSMJohnstonLDGender and ethnic differences in smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use among American 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students, 1976–2000Addictions200398225234 Crossref, Medline | |
| ZirkelPASuspicionless searchesPrincipal20007955761 | |
| ZirkelPAGluckmanIBStudent searchesNASSP Bulletin198165109112 Link |
