Abstract
Background
The controversial roles played by major adipocytokines such as resistin, leptin and adiponectin in obesity and insulin resistance were extensively studied. This study aims to explore for the first time the possible effect of a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and smoking on non-diabetic individuals and associations to other metabolic parameters.
Results
In females there were significantly lower adiponectin levels among those with family history compared to those without (p 0.045); BMI and family history of type 2 diabetes contributed significantly to adiponectin levels with 43.7% variance (r2 19.1; p 0.018). In males there was a significant decrease in resistin levels of those with smoking history (p 0.05). Linear regression showed a correlation between log resistin and LDL, and ApoA1 in all subjects (p-values 007, 0.0009 and R2 0.12, 0.08 respectively).
Conclusion
This study showed for the first time that among the three adipocytokines, adiponectin was the only one to exhibit variations in females alone with regard to a family history of type 2 diabetes; the rest were independent of smoking. This study supports the view that adiponectin is a potential risk marker for type 2 diabetes.
References
Section:
| Arner, P. 2005. Resistin: Yet another adipokine tells us that men are not mice. Diabetologia., 48: 2203–5. Google Scholar | |
| Bajaj, M., Suraamornkul, S., Piper, P. 2004. Decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations are closely related to hepatic fat content and hepatic insulin resistance in pioglitazone treated type 2 diabetic patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 89(1): 200–6. Google Scholar | |
| Behre, C.J., Brohall, G., Hulthe, J. 2006. Serum adiponectin in a population sample of 64-year old women in relation to glucose tolerance, family history of diabetes, autoimmunity, insulin sensitivity, C-peptide and inflammation. Metabolism, 55: 188–94. Google Scholar | |
| Bloomgarden, Z.T. 2007. Adiposity and diabetes. Diabetes Care, 25: 2342–9. Google Scholar | |
| Bo, S., Ciccone, G., Durazzo, M. 2007. Efficacy of anti-oxidant treatment in reducing resistin serum levels: a randomized study. Plos Clin. Trials, 2(5): e17. Google Scholar | |
| Chen, C.C., Li, T.C., Liu, C.S. 2005. Serum resistin level among healthy subjects: relationship to anthropometric and metabolic parameters. Metabolism, 54(4): 471–5. Google Scholar | |
| Degawa-Yamauchi, M., Bovenkerk, J.E., Juliar, B.E. 2003. Serum resistin (FIZZ3) protein is increased in obese humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 88: 5452–5. Google Scholar | |
| Farvid, M.S., Ng, T.W., Chan, D.C. 2005. Association of adiponectin and resistin with adipose tissue compartments, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Obes. Metab., 7: 406–13. Google Scholar | |
| Gerber, M., Boettner, A., Seidel, B. 2005. Serum resistin levels of obese and lean children and adolescents: biochemical analysis and clinical relevance. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 90: 4503–9. Google Scholar | |
| Gonzales-Sanchez, J.L., Zabena, C.A., Martinez-Larrad, M.T. 2005. An SNP in the adiponectin gene is associated with decreased serum adiponectin levels and risk for impaired glucose tolerance. Obes. Res., 13: 807–12. Google Scholar | |
| Heilbronn, L.K., Rood, J., Janderova, L. 2004. Relationship between serum resistin concentrations and insulin resistance in non-obese, obese, and obese diabetic subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 89: 1844–8. Google Scholar | |
| Iwashima, Y., Katsuya, T., Ishikawa, K. 2005. Association of hypoadiponectinemia with smoking habit in men. Hypertension, 45: 1094–100. Google Scholar | |
| Jansson, P.A., Elliason, B., Lindmark, S. 2002. Endocrine abnormalities in healthy first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetes patients – potential role in steroid hormones and leptin in the development of insulin resistance. Eur. J. Clin. Invest, 32: 172–8. Google Scholar | |
| Kanauchi, M., Yamano, S., Kanauchi, K. 2003. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, and oral insulin sensitivity index in non-obese, non-diabetic subjects with high-normal blood pressure. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 88(7): 3444–6. Google Scholar | |
| Kim, O.Y., Koh, S.J., Jang, Y. 2006. Plasma adiponectin is related to other cardiovascular risk factors in non-diabetic Korean men with CAD, independent of adiposity and cigarette smoking: cross sectional analysis. Clin. Chim Acta., 370(1-2): 63–71. Google Scholar | |
| Koebnick, C., Wagner, K., Garcia, A.L. 2006. Increase in serum resistin during weight loss in overweight subjects is related to lipid metabolism. Int. J. Obes., 30(7): 1097–103. Google Scholar | |
| Kusminski, C.M., McTernan, P.G., and Kumar, S. 2005. Role of resistin in obesity, insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. Clin. Sci., 109: 00–00. Google Scholar | |
| Lee, J.H., Chan, J.L., Yiannakouris, N. 2003. Circulating resistin levels are not associated with obesity or insulin resistance in humans and are not regulated by fasting or leptin administration, cross-sectional and interventional studies in normal, insulin-resistant, and diabetic subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 88: 4848–56. Google Scholar | |
| Maeda, K., Okubo, K., Shimomura, K.I. 1996. cDNA cloning and expression of a novel adipose specific collagen-like factor, apM1 (adipose most abundant gene transcript 1). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 221: 286–9. Google Scholar | |
| Ohashi, K., Ouchi, N., Kihara, S. 2004. Adiponectin 1164T mutation is associated with the metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 43: 1195–200. Google Scholar | |
| Osawa, H., Yamada, K., Onuma, H. 2004. The G/G genotype of a resistin single-nucleotide polymorphism at –420 increases type 2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility by inducing promoter activity through specific binding of Sp1/3. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 75: 678–86. Google Scholar | |
| Rea, R., and Donnelly, R. 2004. Resistin: an adipocyte-derived hormone. Has it a role in diabetes and obesity? Diabetes Obes. Metab., 6: 163–70. Google Scholar | |
| Salmenniemi, U., Zacharova, J., Ruotsalainen, E. 2005. Association of adiponectin level and variants in the adiponectin gene with glucose metabolism, energy expenditure and cytokines in offspring of type 2 diabetic patients. J. Endocrinol. Metab., 90: 4216–23. Google Scholar | |
| Shand, B.I., Scott, R.S., Elder, P.A. 2003. Plasma adiponectin in overweight, nondiabetic individuals with or without insulin resistance. Diabetes Obese. Metab., 5: 349–53. Google Scholar | |
| Silha, J.V., Krsek, M., Skrha, J.V. 2003. Plasma resistin, adiponectin and leptin levels in lean and obese subjects: correlations with insulin resistance. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 149: 331–5. Google Scholar | |
| Stejskal, J., Proskova, S., Adamovska, A. 2002. Preliminary experience with resistin: assessment in common population. Biomed. Papers, 146: 47–9. Google Scholar | |
| Steppan, C.M., Bailey, S.T., Bhat, S. 2001. The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature, 409: 307–12. Google Scholar | |
| Tworoger, S.S., Mantzoros, C., and Hankinson, S.E. 2007. Relationship of plasma adiponectin with sex hormone and insulin-like growth factor levels. Obesity (Silver Spring), 15: 2217–24. Google Scholar | |
| Utzschneider, K.M., Carr, D.B., Tong, J. 2005. Resistin is not associated with insulin sensitivity or the metabolic syndrome in humans. Diabetologia., 48: 2330–3. Google Scholar | |
| Wagner, A.M., Sanchez-Quesada, J.L., Perez, A. 2000. Inaccuracy of calculated LDL-cholesterol in type 2 diabetes: consequences for patient risk classification and therapeutic decisions. Clin. Chem., 46: 1830–2. Google Scholar | |
| Weyer, C., Funahashi, T., Tanaka, S. 2001. Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 86: 1930–5. Google Scholar | |
| Yannakoulia, M., Yiannakouris, N., Bluhler, S. 2003. Body fat mass and macronutrient intake in relation to circulating soluble leptin receptor, free leptin index, adiponectin and resistin concentrations in healthy humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 88: 1730–6. Google Scholar |
