![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
The measurement of residential segregation patterns and trends has been limited by a reliance on segregation measures that do not appropriately take into account the spatial patterning of population distributions. In this paper we define a general approach to measuring spatial segregation among multiple population groups. This general approach allows researchers to specify any theoretically based definition of spatial proximity desired in computing segregation measures. Based on this general approach, we develop a general spatial exposure/isolation index (
), and a set of general multigroup spatial evenness/clustering indices: a spatial information theory index (
), a spatial relative diversity index (
), and a spatial dissimilarity index (
). We review these and previously proposed spatial segregation indices against a set of eight desirable properties of spatial segregation indices. We conclude that the spatial exposure/isolation index 
*—which can be interpreted as a measure of the average composition of individuals' local spatial environments—and the spatial information theory index 
—which can be interpreted as a measure of the variation in the diversity of the local spatial environments of each individual—are the most conceptually and mathematically satisfactory of the proposed spatial indices.
References
|
Apparicio, Phillipe . 2000. “Les indices de segregation résidentielle: Un outil intégré dans un système d'information géographique.” Cybergéo, revue européenne de géographie 134. Google Scholar | |
|
Bell, W. 1954. “A Probability Model for the Measurement of Ecological Segregation.” Social Forces 43:357–364. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Coleman, James, Hoffer, Thomas, Kilgore, Sally. 1982. “Achievement and segregation in secondary schools: A further look at public and private school differences.” Sociology of Education 55:162–82. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Dent, Borden D. 1999. Cartography: Thematic Map Design. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar | |
|
Frank, Andrea I. 2003. “Using Measures of Spatial Autocorrelation to Describe Socio-economic and Racial Residential Patterns in US Urban Areas.” Pp. 147–62 in Socio-economic Applications of Geographic Information Science, Innovations in GIS, edited by Kidner, D., Higgs, G., White, S.. London: Taylor and Francis. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gorard, Stephen, Taylor, Chris. 2002. “A Comparison of Measures in Terms of ‘Strong’ and ‘Weak’ Compositional Invariance.” Sociology 36:875–95. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Grannis, Rick . 2002. “Discussion: Segregation Indices and Their Functional Inputs.” Pp. 69–84 in Sociological Methodology, Vol. 32, edited by Stolzenberg, Ross M. . Boston, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Jakubs, John F. 1981. “A Distance-Based Segregation Index.” Journal of Socioeconomic Planning Sciences 15:129–36. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
James, David R., Taeuber, Karl E.. 1985. “Measures of Segregation.” Pp. 1–32 in Sociological Methodology, Vol. 14, edited by Brandon, Tuma Nancy . San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lieberson, Stanley . 1969. “Measuring Population Diversity.” American Sociological Review 34:850–62. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lieberson, Stanley, Carter, Donna K.. 1982a. “A Model for Inferring the Voluntary and Involuntary Causes of Residential Segregation.” Demography 19:511–26. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Lieberson, Stanley, Carter, Donna K.. 1982b. “Temporal Changes and Urban Differences in Residential Segregation: A Reconsideration.” American Journal of Sociology 88:296–310. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Longley, P., Goodchild, M. F., Maguire, D. J., Rhind, D. W.. 2001. Geographic Information Systems and Science. New York: Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Massey, Douglas S., Denton, Nancy A.. 1988. “The Dimensions of Residential Segregation.” Social Forces 67:281–315. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Mennis, J. 2003. “Generating Surface Models of Population Using Dasymetric Mapping.” Professional Geographer 55:31–42. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Morgan, Barrie S. 1982. “An Assessment of Some Technical Problems in the Comparative Study of Residential Segregation.” Transactions-Institute of British Geographers 7:227–32. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Morgan, Barrie S. 1983a. “An Alternate Approach to the Development of a Distance-Based Measure of Racial Segregation.” American Journal of Sociology 88:1237–49. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Morgan, Barrie S. 1983b. “A Distance-Decay Interaction Index to Measure Residential Segregation.” Area 15:211–16. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Morrill, R. L. 1991. “On the Measure of Spatial Segregation.” Geography Research Forum 11:25–36. Google Scholar | |
|
Openshaw, S., Taylor, P.. 1979. “A Million or So Correlation Coefficients: Three Experiments on the Modifiable Area Unit Problem.” Pp. 127–44 in Statistical Applications in the Spatial Sciences, edited by Wrigley, N. . London: Pion. Google Scholar | |
|
O'Sullivan, David, Wong, David W. S.. 2004. “A Density Surface-Based Approach to Measuring Spatial Segregation.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, March 14–19, Philadelphia, PA. Google Scholar | |
|
Pielou, E. C. 1977. Mathematical Ecology. New York: Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Reardon, Sean F., Firebaugh, Glenn. 2002a. “Measures of Multigroup Segregation.” Pp. 33–67 in Sociological Methodology, Vol. 32, edited by Stolzenberg, Ross M. . Boston, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Reardon, Sean F., Firebaugh, Glenn. 2002b. “Response: Segregation and Social Distance—A Generalized Approach to Segregation Measurement.” Pp. 85–101 in Sociological Methodology, Vol. 32, edited by Stolzenberg, Ross M. . Boston, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Schnell, Izhak, Yoav, Benjamini. 2001. “The Sociospatial Isolation of Agents in Everyday Life Spaces as an Aspect of Segregation.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 91:622–36. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Schwartz, Joseph, Winship, Christopher. 1980. “The Welfare Approach to Measuring Inequality.” Pp. 1–36 in Sociological Methodology, Vol. 9, edited by Schvessler, Karl F. . San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Silverman, B. W. 1986. Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis. London: Chapman and Hall. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Theil, Henri . 1972. Statistical Decomposition Analysis, Vol. 14, edited by Theil, H. . Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. Google Scholar | |
|
Tobler, Waldo R. 1979. “Smooth Pycnophylactic Interpolation for Geographical Regions.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 74:519–29. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Waldorf, Brigitte S. 1993. “Segregation in Urban Space: A New Measurement Approach.” Urban Studies 30:1151–64. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
White, Michael J. 1983. “The Measurement of Spatial Segregation.” American Journal of Sociology 88:1008–18. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
White, Michael J. 1986. “Segregation and Diversity Measures in Population Distribution.” Population Index 52:198–221. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Wong, David S. 1993. “Spatial Indices of Segregation.” Urban Studies 30:559–72. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Wong, David W. S. 1997. “Spatial Dependency of Segregation Indices.” Canadian Geographer 41:128–36. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wong, David W. S. 1998. “Measuring Multiethnic Spatial Segregation.” Urban Geography 19:77–87. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wong, David W. S. 1999. “Geostatistics as Measures of Spatial Segregation.” Urban Geography 20:635–47. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wong, David W. S. 2002. “Spatial Measures of Segregation and GIS.” Urban Geography 23:85–92. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wong, David W. S. 2003. “Implementing Measures of Spatial Segregation in GIS.” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 27:53–70. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Wong, David W. S., Chong, Wing K.. 1998. “Using Spatial Segregation Measures in GIS and Statistical Modeling Packages.” Urban Geography 19:477–85. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Zoloth, Barbara S. 1976. “Alternative Measures of School Segregation.” Land Economics 52:278–98. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
