Abstract
In this article, I serve as a secretary for the critical policy analysis presented by hundreds of teachers, parents, students, and community members during 19 public hearings on school closures in New York City. In testimony at hearings, community members rejected the narrow, statistical approach they felt the Department of Education was using to develop policy. They examined the stated motives for school closures, the terms on which school closures were justified, the interests negotiated in policies, and the consequences of these decisions. Finally, this article challenges academics and policymakers to engage more authentically with community knowledge.
Keywords educational policy, school reform, urban education
|
Apple, M. (2003). The state and the politics of education. New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Apple, M. (2004). Creating difference: Neo-liberalism, neo-conservatism and the politics of educational reform. Educational Policy, 18(1), 12-44. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Apple, M. (2008). Is deliberative democracy enough in teacher education? In Cochran-Smith, M., Feiman-Nemser, S., McIntyre, D. J. (Eds). Handbook of research on teacher education (3rd ed., pp. 105-110). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Apple, M., Beane, J. (2007). Democratic schools: Lessons in powerful education (2nd ed.). Portsmouth, NH: Hienemann. Google Scholar | |
|
Apple, M. W. (2006). Educating the “right” way: Markets, standards, God, and inequality (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Ball, S. J. (1994). Education reform: A critical and post-structural approach. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Ball, S. J. (2003). Class strategies and the education market: The middle classes and social advantage. London, UK: Routledge Falmer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Boggess, L. B. (2010). Tailoring new urban teachers for character and activism. American Education Research Journal, 47(1), 65-95. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Burch, P. (2009). Hidden markets: The new education privatization. New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Carr, W., Kemmis, S. (1986). Becoming critical: Education, knowledge and action research. London, UK: Falmer. Google Scholar | |
|
Chambers, S. (2006). Mayors and schools: Minority voices and democratic tensions in urban education. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Cuban, L., Usdan, M. (Eds.). (2003). Powerful reforms with shallow roots: Improving America’s urban schools. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Epstein, J. L. (1995). School/family/community partnerships: Caring for the children we share. Phi Delta Kappan, 76, 701-712. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Epstein, J. L., Sanders, M. G., Simon, B. S., Salinas, K. C., Jansorn, N. R., Van Voorhis, F. L. (2002). School, community, and community partnerships: Your handbook for action (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Google Scholar | |
|
Harvey, D. (2005). A brief history of neoliberalism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Fine, M., Torre, M. E., Boudin, K., Bowen, I., Clark, J., Hylton, D. (2005). Participatory action research: From within and beyond prison bars. In Weis, L., Fine, M. (Eds.), Working method: Research and social justice (pp. 95-110). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Galletta, A., Ayala, J. (2008). Erasure and survival: Creating a future and managing a past in a restructuring high school. Teachers College Record, 110, 1959-1985. Google Scholar | |
|
Giroux, H. (2005). The struggle for schooling in the public life: Democracy’s promise and education’s challenge (2nd ed.). Boulder, CO: Paradigm. Google Scholar | |
|
Gitlin, A., Margonis, F. (1995). The political aspect of reform: Teacher resistance as good sense. American Journal of Education, 103, 377. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
The Goals 2000: Educate America Act, Pub. L. 103-227 (enacted March 31, 1994). Google Scholar | |
|
Gusihard, M., Fine, M., Doyle, C., Jackson, J. (2005). The Bronx on the move: Participatory consultation with mothers and youth. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 16(1), 35. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Henig, J., Stone, C. (2007). Civic capacity and education reform: The case for school-community realignment. In Rothman, R. (Eds.), City schools: How districts and communities can create smart education systems (pp. 117-136). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Hess, F. (2008). Looking for leadership: Assessing the case for mayoral control of urban school systems. American Journal of Education, 114, 219-245. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hodder, I. (1994). The interpretation of documents and material culture. In: Denzin, N. K., Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 393-402). London, UK: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Jackson, A., Davis, P. G. (2000). Turning points 2000: Educating adolescents in the 21st century. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Kirst, M. (2002). Mayoral influence, new regimes, and public school governance. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania. (CPRE Research Report Series, RR-049). Graduate School of Education, Consortium for Policy Research in Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Kozol, J. (1991). Savage inequalities: Children in America’s schools. New York, NY: Crown. Google Scholar | |
|
Kozol, J. (2005). The shame of the nation: The restoration of apartheid schooling in America. New York, NY: Crown. Google Scholar | |
|
Ladson-Billings, G. (1999). Just what is critical race theory and what’s it doing in a nice field like education? In Parker, L., Deyhle, D., Villenas, S. (Eds.), Race is . . . race isn’t: Critical race theory and qualitative studies in education (pp. 7-30). Boulder, CO: Westview. Google Scholar | |
|
Land, D. (2002). Local school boards under review: Their role and effectiveness in relation to students’ academic achievement. Review of Educational Research, 72, 229-278. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lipman, P., Haines, N. (2007). From accountability to privatization and African American Exclusion: Chicago’s “Renaissance 2010.” Educational Policy, 21, 471-502. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lipman, P., Hursh, D. (2007). Renaissance 2010: The reassertion of ruling-class power through neoliberal policies in Chicago. Policy Futures in Education, 5, 160-178. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
New York City Department of Education, Public Hearing Transcripts . (2010). Retrieved from http://schools.nyc.gov/AboutUs/leadership/PEP/publicnotice/Proposals_1–26–10.htm Google Scholar | |
|
New York City Public School Parents . (2007, September 15). Setting the record straight; why NYC should not win the Broad Prize. Retrieved from http://nycpublicschoolparents.blogspot.com/2007/09/settingrecord-straight-why-nyc-should.html Google Scholar | |
|
The New York City Department of Education . (2010). New York City assessment information. Retrieved from http://schools.nyc.gov/daa/test_info/default.asp Google Scholar | |
|
NVivo qualitative data analysis software . (2010). QSR International, Version 9. Google Scholar | |
|
Oakes, J., Hunter-Quartz, K., Ryan, S., Lipton, M. (2000). Becoming good American schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 81, 568-575. Google Scholar | |
|
Otterman, S., Medina, J. (2010, January 26). Boos and personal attacks as the city panel prepares to vote on school closings. New York Times (Education Section). Retrieved from http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9403E5DB163DF934A15752C0A9669D8B63 Google Scholar | |
|
Ravitch, D. (2010). The death and life of the great American school system: How testing and choice are undermining education. New York, NY: Basic Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Roth, W., Desautels, J. (2004). Educating for citizenship: Reappraising the role of science education. Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, 4, 149-168. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Scott, J., DiMartino, C. (2009). Public education under new management: A typology of educational privatization applied to New York City’s restructuring. Peabody Journal of Education, 84, 432-452. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Shipps, D. (2003). Pulling together: Civic capacity and urban school reform. American Educational Research Journal, 40, 841-878. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Shipps, D., Fowlkes, E., Peltzman, A. (2006). Journalism and urban school reform: Versions of democratic decision making in two american cities. American Journal of Education, 112, 363-391. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Simmons, W., Foley, E., Ucelli, M. (2006). Using mayoral involvement in district reform to support instructional Change. Harvard Educational Review, 76, 189-200. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Stone, C. (2001). Civic capacity and urban education. Urban Affairs Review, 36, 595-619. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Stovall, D. (2009). Race(ing), class(ing) and gender(ing) our work: Critical race theory, critical race feminism, epistemology, and new directions in educational policy research. In Sykes, G., Schneider, B., Plank, D. (Eds.), Handbook of education policy research (pp. 258-266). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Tate, W. F. (1997). Critical race theory and education: History, theory, and implications. In Apple, M. W. (Ed.), Review of research in education (pp. 195-247). Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Taylor, S., Rizvi, F., Lingard, B., Henry, M. (1997). Educational policy and the politics of change. Oxon, UK: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Torres, C., Van Heertum, R. (2009). Education and domination: Reforming policy and practice through critical theory. In Sykes, G., Schneider, B., Plank, D. (Eds.), Handbook of education policy research (pp. 221-239). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Traver, A. (2006). Institutions and organizational change: Reforming New York City’s public school system. Journal of Education Policy, 21, 497-514. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Tyack, D., Cuban, L. (1995). Tinkering toward utopia: A century of public school reform. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Wong, K., Shen, F. (2003). Measuring the effectiveness of city and state takeover as a school reform strategy. Peabody Journal of Education, 78(4), 89-119. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Wong, K. K., Shen, F. X., Anagnostopouls, D., Rutledge, S. (2007). The education mayor: Improving America’s schools. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press. Retrieved from http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Education/education_mayor.php Google Scholar |

