Abstract
In this article, the author combines multicultural feminist critical theories with the voices of Black and Latina/Latino young spiritual children to extend culturally responsive teaching. The author illuminates how children use their hip-hop writing to construct themselves as people who communicate with God, choose spiritual content for their hip-hop songs, and attest to God’s abilities to help people. By helping in-service and preservice teachers increase their awareness and understandings of children’s spiritualities and spiritual practices, one can (re)vision the policies, pedagogies, methodologies, and structures that are, can, and should occur in educational institutions.
Keywords multicultural education, social justice, students, urban education
|
Adato, A. (1998). Kids pictures to God. Life, 21(3), 68-80. Google Scholar | |
|
Alvermann, D. (2002). Narrative approaches. In Kamil, M. L., Mosenthal, P. B., Pearson, P. D., Barr, R. (Eds.), Methods of literacy research: The methodology chapters from the handbook of reading research (Vol. 3, pp. 47-63). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Anzaldua, G. (1999). Borderlands, la frontera: The new mestiza. San Francisco, CA: Aunt Lute Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Barker, J., Weller, S. (2003). “Is it fun?” Developing children centered research methods. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 23, 33-58. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Blain, M., Eady, S. (2002). The wow factor: Spiritual development through science. Westminster Studies in Education, 25, 125-135. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Brant, B. (1994). Writing as witness: Essay and talk. Toronto, Ontario: Women’s Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Bridges, F. W. (2001). Resurrection song: African American spirituality. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Broadbent, J. (2004). Embodying the abstract: Enhancing children’s spirituality through creative dance. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 9, 97-104. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Brown, V. (2006). Guiding the influence of Hip-Hop music on middle-school students’ feelings, thinking, and behaving. The Negro Educational Review, 57, 49-68. Google Scholar | |
|
Cannon, K. (1996). Katie’s canon. New York, NY: Continuum. Google Scholar | |
|
Carter, K. (1993). The place of story in the study of teaching and teacher education. Educational Researcher, 22, 5-12. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Coles, R. (1990). The spiritual life of children. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. Google Scholar | |
|
Cone, J. (1997). God of the oppressed. New York, NY: Orbis Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Cooks, J. (2004). Writing for something: Essays, raps, and writing preferences. English Journal, 94, 72-76. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
De Gaetano, Y., Williams, L. R., Volk, D. (1998). Kaleidoscope: A multicultural approach for the primary classroom. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall. Google Scholar | |
|
Douglas, K. (1999). Sexuality and the Black church. New York, NY: Orbis Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Dyson, M. E. (2004). The Michael Eric Dyson reader. New York, NY: Basic Civitas Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Fenn, J., Perullo, A. (2000). Language choice and hip hop in Tanzania and Malawi. Popular Music & Society, 24, 73-93. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Forman, M., Neal, M. (2004). That’s the joint! The Hip-Hop studies reader. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Gay, G. (2000). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Halford, J. (1998/1999). Longing for the sacred in schools: A conversation with Nel Noddings. Educational Leadership, 56(4), 28-32. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Hebdige, D. (2004). Rap and hip-hop: The New York connection. In Forman, M., Neal, M. A. (Eds.), That’s the joint! The hip-hop studies reader (pp. 223-232). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Hine, D., Thompson, K. (1998). A shining thread of hope: The history of Black women in America. New York, NY: Broadway Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Hull, A. (2001). Soul talk: The new spirituality of African American women. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions. Google Scholar | |
|
Isasi-Diaz, A. M. (1996). Mujerista theology. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Jackson, F. (1995). “In the morning when I rise”: My hands in spiritual soil. In Wade-Gayles, G. (Ed.), My soul is a witness: African-American women’s spirituality (pp. 48-55). Boston, MA: Beacon Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Kay, W. K., Ray, L. (2004). Concepts of God: The salience of gender and age. Journal of Empirical Theology, 17, 238-251. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Knight, M., Norton, N. E. L., Bentley, C., Dixon, I. (2004). The power of Black and Latina/o counterstories: Urban families and college-going processes. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 35, 99-120. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ladson-Billings, G. (1994). The dreamkeepers: Successful teachers of African American children. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
|
Mahiri, J. (1996). Street scripts: African American youth writing about crime and violence. Social Justice, 23, 56-60. Google Scholar | |
|
Marshall, C., Rossman, G. B. (1999). Designing qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Mayhew, M. (2004). Exploring the essence of spirituality: A phenomenological study of eight students with eight different worldviews. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 41,1215-1242. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Medina, L. (1998). Los espiritus siguen hablando: Chicana spiritualities. In Trujillo, C. (Ed.), Living Chicana theory (pp. 189-213). Berkeley, CA: Third Woman Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Mission, R. (1998). Telling tales out of school. In Christie, F., Misson, R. (Eds.), Literacy and schooling (pp. 104-128). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Mitchem, S. (2002). Introducing womanist theology. New York, NY: Orbis Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Morgan, D. (1997). Focus groups as qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Morrell, E., Duncan-Andrade, J.M.R. (2002). Promoting academic literacy with urban youth through engaging hip-hop culture. English Journal, 91, 88-92. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Nieto, S. (2004). Affirming diversity: The sociopolitical context of multicultural education (4th ed.). New York, NY: Addison-Wesley Longman. Google Scholar | |
|
National Center for Education Statistics .(2003). Retrieved http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/tables/table_whs_01.asp Google Scholar | |
|
Norton, N. E. L. (2005). Permitanme hablar: Allow me to speak. Language Arts, 83, 118-127. Google Scholar | |
|
Norton, N. E. L. (2006). Talking spirituality with family members: Black and Latina/o children co-researcher methodologies. Urban Review, 38, 313-334. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Norton, N. E. L. (2008a). Aligning hip-hop, curriculum, standards, and potential. Journal of Literacy and Technology, 9, 62-100. Google Scholar | |
|
Norton, N. E. L. (2008b). Singing in the spirit: Spiritual practices inside public school classrooms. Education and Urban Society, 40, 342-360. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Norton, N. E. L. (2009a). CD jackets: Self expressing through hip-hop as culturally responsive pedagogy. In Moss, B., Lapp, D. (Eds.), Teaching new literacies in Grades K-3: Resources for 21st century classrooms (pp. 149-161). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Norton, N. E. L. (2009b). Hip-hop photo song: Self expressing through hip-hop as culturally responsive pedagogy. In Moss, B., Lapp, D. (Eds.), Teaching new literacies in Grades 4-6: Resources for 21st century classrooms (pp. 168-185). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Norton, N. E. L., Bentley, C. (2006). Making the connection: Extending culturally responsive teaching through home(land) pedagogies. The Feminist Teacher, 17, 52-10. Google Scholar | |
|
Palmer, P. (1998/9). Evoking the spirit in public education. Educational Leadership, 56, 6-11. Google Scholar | |
|
Palmer, P. (2003). Teaching with heart and soul: Reflections on spirituality and teaching. Journal of Teacher Education, 54, 376-385. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Pnevmatikos, D. (2002). Conceptual changes in religious concepts of elementary school children: The case of the house where God lives. Educational Psychology, 22, 93-112. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Pinn, A. (1999). “How ya livin’?”: Notes on rap music and social transformation. Western Journal of Black Studies, 23, 10-22. Google Scholar | |
|
Pough, G. D. (2004). Seeds and legacies: Tapping the potential in hip-hop. In Forman, M., Neal, M. A. (Eds.), That’s the joint! The hip-hop studies reader (pp. 283-290). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Rose, T. (1994). Black noise: Rap music and Black culture in contemporary America. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Sams, J. (1994). The 13 original clan mothers: Your sacred path to discovering the gifts, talents, and abilities of the feminine through the ancient teachings of the sisterhood. New York, NY: HarperCollins. Google Scholar | |
|
Scherpf, S. (2001). Rap pedagogy: The potential for democratization. The Review of Education, 23, 73-110. Google Scholar | |
|
Sokanovic, M., Muller, D. (1999). Professional and educational perspectives on spirituality in young children. Pastoral Care in Education, 17, 9-16. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Strauss, A., Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Townes, E. (1995). In a blaze of glory: Womanist spirituality as social witness. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Van Brummelen, H., Koole, R., Franklin, k. (2004). Transcending the commonplace: Spirituality in the classroom. Journal of Educational Thought, 38, 237-254. Google Scholar | |
|
Wade-Gayles, G. (1995). My soul is a witness: African-American women’s spirituality. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Wade-Gayles, W. (with Finch, E.). (1995). The “Finny-Finny” rain: Three women’s spiritual bonding on Sapelo Island. In Wade-Gayles, G. (Ed.), My soul is a witness: African-American women’s spirituality (pp. 71-84). Boston, MA: Beacon Press. Google Scholar | |
|
White, D. (1999). “Ain’t i a woman?” Female slaves in the plantation south. New York, NY: W. W. Norton. Google Scholar | |
|
Williams, D. (1995). Sisters in the wilderness. New York, NY: Orbis Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Winston, J. (2002). Drama, spirituality, and the curriculum. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 7, 241-255. Google Scholar | Crossref |

