Abstract
Early determinants of college attendance and degree attainment for economically disadvantaged minority youth were examined in the present study. The study sample (n = 1,379) was drawn from the Chicago Longitudinal Study (CLS), an ongoing investigation of a panel of low-income minority children born in 1980, growing up in high-poverty neighborhoods in Chicago. Regression findings indicated that three factors in elementary grades can potentially improve both college attendance and bachelor’s (BA) degree completion for economically disadvantaged minority students: better classroom adjustment, high parent expectation in child’s education, and better academic performance. Findings have implications for schools, educators, and policy makers.
|
Alexander, K. L., Entwisle, D. R., Horsey, C. S. (1997). From first grade forward: Early foundations of high school dropout. Sociology of Education, 70, 87-107. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Alexander, K. L., Entwisle, D. S., Dauber, S. L. (2003). On the success of failure: A reassessment of retention in the primary grades (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Alexander, K. L., Entwisle, D. S., Kabbani, N. (2001). The dropout process in life course perspective: Early risk factors at home and school. Teachers College Record, 103, 760-822. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In Richardson, J. G. (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241-258). New York, NY: Greenwood. Google Scholar | |
|
Braxton, J. M. (Ed.). (2000). Reworking the student departure puzzle. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1998). The ecology of developmental processes. In Lerner, R. M. (Vol. Ed.) and Damon, W. (Series Ed.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. I: Theoretical models of human development (pp. 993-1027). New York, NY: Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Cabrera, A. F., Burkum, K. R., La Nasa, S. M. (2005). Pathways to a four-year degree: Determinants of transfer & degree completion among socioeconomically disadvantaged students. In Seidman, A. (Ed.), College student retention: A formula for student success (pp. 155-214). Westport, CT: American Council on Education and Praeger. Google Scholar | |
|
Card, D., Krueger, A. B. (1996). School resources and student outcomes: An overview of the literature and new evidence from North and South Carolina. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(4), 31-50. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Carneiro, P., Heckman, J. J. (2002). The evidence on credit constraints in post-secondary schooling. Economic Journal, 112, 705-734. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Christensen, S., Melder, J., Weisbrod, B. A. (1975). Factors affecting college attendance. Journal of Human Resources, 10(2), 174-188. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Chicago Longitudinal Study . (2005). A study of children in the Chicago public schools: User’s guide (Version 7). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., Aiken, L. (2003). Applied multiple regression: Correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94(Suppl.), 95-120. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Eccles, J. S., Vida, M. N., Barber, B. (2004). The relation of early adolescents’ college plans and both academic ability and task-value beliefs to subsequent college enrollment. Journal of Early Adolescence, 24(1), 63-77. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Ekstrom, R. B., Goertz, M. E., Pollack, J. M., Rock, D. A. (1986). Who drops out of high school and why? Findings from a national study. Teachers College Record, 87, 356-373. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Ellwood, D. T., Kane, T. J. (2000). Who is getting a college education? Family background and the growing gaps in enrollment. In Danziger, S., Waldfogel, J. (Eds.), Securing the future: Investing in children from birth to college (pp. 283-324). New York, NY: Russell Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Entwisle, D. R., Alexander, K. L., Olson, L. S. (2005). First grade and educational attainment by age 22: A new story. American Journal of Sociology, 110, 1458-1502. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Fagan, J., Pabon, E. (1990). Contributions of delinquency and substance use to school dropout among inner-city youths. Youth & Society, 21, 306-354. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Frank, J. R. (1990). High school dropout: A new look at family variables. Social Work in Education, 13(1), 34-47. Google Scholar | |
|
Greenwald, R., Hedges, L. V., Laine, R. D. (1996). The effect of school resources on student achievement. Review of Educational Research, 66, 361-396. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Haveman, R., Smeeding, T. (2006). The role of higher education in social mobility. Future of Children, 16(2), 125-150. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Heckman, J. J. (2000). Policies to foster human capital. Research in Economics, 54, 3-56. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Heckman, J. J. (2006). Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children. Science, 312, 1900-1902. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Heckman, J. J., Rubinstein, Y. (2001). The importance of noncognitive skills: Lessons from the GED testing program. American Economic Review, 91(2), 145-149. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Heckman, J. J., Stixrud, J., Urzua, S. (2006). The effects of cognitive and noncognitive abilities on labor market outcomes and social behavior. Journal of Labor Economics, 24, 411-482. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hossler, D., Schmitt, J., Vesper, N. (1999). Going to college: How social, economic, and educational factors influence the decisions students make. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Hossler, D., Stage, F. K. (1992). Family and high school experience influences on the postsecondary educational plans of ninth-grade students. American Educational Research Journal, 29(2), 425-451. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Jacob, B. A. (2002). Where the boys aren’t: Non-cognitive skills, returns to school and the gender gap in higher education. Economics of Education Review, 21, 589-598. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kane, T. J. (2004). College-going and inequality: A literature review. In Neckeman, K. (Ed.), Social inequality (pp. 319-353). New York, NY: Russell Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Karoly, L. A., Kilburn, R., Bigelow, J. H., Caulkins, J. P., Cannon, J. S. (2001). Assessing costs and benefits of early childhood intervention programs: Overview and applications to the starting early starting smart program. Seattle, WA: RAND. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kronick, R. F., Hargis, C. H. (1990). Dropouts: Who drops out and why and the recommended action. Springfield, IL: Thomas. Google Scholar | |
|
Martinez, M., Klopott, S. (2005). The link between high school reform and college access and success for low-income and minority youth. Retrieved from http://www.aypf.org/publications/HSReformCollegeAccessandSuccess.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Mehana, M., Reynolds, A. J. (2004). School mobility and achievement: A meta-analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 26, 93-119. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Miedel, W. T., Reynolds, A. J. (1999). Parent involvement in early intervention for disadvantaged children: Does it matter. Journal of School Psychology, 37, 379-402. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Ou, S. (2005). Pathways of long-term effects of an early intervention program on educational attainment: Findings from the Chicago longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26, 578-611. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Ou, S., Reynolds, A. J. (2006). Early childhood intervention and educational attainment: Age 22 findings from the Chicago longitudinal study. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 11(2), 175-198. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Ou, S., Reynolds, A. J. (2008). Predictors of educational attainment in the Chicago longitudinal study. School Psychology Quarterly, 23(2), 199-229. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ou, S., Reynolds, A. J. (2010). Effects of grade retention on postsecondary education, and public aid receipt. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 32(1), 118-139. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Parker, J. D. A., Hogan, M. J., Eastabrook, J. M., Oke, A., Wood, L. M. (2006). Emotional intelligence and student retention: Predicting the successful transition from high school to university. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 1329-1336. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Pascarella, E. T., Terenzini, P. T. (2005). How college affects students: A third decade of research (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: John Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Patrikakou, E. N., Weissberg, R. P., Redding, S., Walberg, H. J. (Eds.). (2005). School–family partnerships for children’s success. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Perna, L. W., Titus, M. A. (2005). The relationship between parental involvement as social capital and college enrollment: An examination of racial/ethnic group differences. Journal of Higher Education, 76, 485-518. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Reynolds, A. J. (2000). Success in early intervention: The Chicago child–parent centers. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J. A., Robertson, D. L., Mann, E. A. (2001). Long-term effects of an early childhood intervention on educational achievement and juvenile arrest: A 15-year follow-up of low-income children in public schools. Journal of American Medical Association, 285, 2339-2346. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J. A., Ou, S., Robertson, D. L., Mersky, J. P., Topitzes, J. W., Niles, M. D. (2007). Effects of a school-based, early childhood intervention on adult health and well being: A 19-year follow-up of low-income families. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 161, 730-739. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Roderick, M. (1993). The path to dropping out- evidence for intervention. Westport, CT: Auburn House. Google Scholar | |
|
Rosenthal, B. S. (1998). Non-school correlates of dropout: An integrative review of the literature. Children and Youth Services Review, 20, 413-433. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Rumberger, R. W. (1987). High school dropouts: A review of issues and evidence. Review of Educational Research, 57(2), 101-121. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Rumberger, R., Larson, K. (1998). Student mobility and the increased risk of high school dropout. American Educational Research Journal, 32, 583-625. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Sandefur, G. D., Meier, A. M., Campbell, M. E. (2006). Family resources, social capital, and college attendance. Social science research 35, 525-553. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Schweinhart, L. J., Montie, J., Xiang, Z., Barnett, W. S., Belfield, C. R., Nores, M. (2005). Lifetime effects: The high/scope Perry preschool study through age 40. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation. Google Scholar | |
|
Seidman, A. (Ed.). (2005). College student retention: Formula for student success. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood. Google Scholar | |
|
St. John, E. P. (1991). What really influences minority attendance? Sequential analyses of the high school and beyond sophomore cohort. Research in Higher Education, 32(2), 141-158. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Steinberg, L., Blinde, P. L., Chan, K. S. (1984). Dropping out among language minority youth. Review of Educational Research, 54(1), 113-132. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Temple, J. A., Reynolds, A. J., Ou, S. (2004). Grade retention and school dropout: Another look at the evidence. In Walberg, H. J., Reynolds, A. J., Wang, M. C. (Eds.), Can unlike students learn together? Grade retention, tracking and grouping. (pp. 35-69). Greenwich, CT: Information Age. Google Scholar | |
|
Tinto, V. (1993). Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Trusty, J., Robinson, C. R., Plata, M., Ng, K. (2000). Effects of gender, socioeconomic status, and early academic performance on postsecondary educational choice. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78, 463-472. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey . (2007). Educational Attainment in the United States: 2006. Detailed Table 1: 2006 Annual social and economic supplement. Washington, DC: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey . (2008). Educational attainment in the United States: 2007. Detailed Table 1: Annual social and economic supplement. Washington, DC: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics . (2003). Postsecondary attainment, attendance, curriculum, and performance: Selected results from the NELS:88/2000 postsecondary education transcript study (PETS), 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Google Scholar | |
|
Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and the public policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Wolfe, B., Haveman, R. (2001). Accounting for the social and non-market benefits of education. In Helliwell, J. F. (Ed.), The contribution of human and social capital to sustained economic growth and well-being: International symposium report. (pp. 221-250). Quebec City, Quebec, Canada: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and Human Resources Development Canada. Google Scholar |

