Abstract
This study examines the relationship between athletics, athletic leadership, and academic achievement. This is likely to be a tricky issue as athletes and athletic leaders are not likely to be a random group of students. To address this issue I control for school fixed effects and instrument the endogenous variables with height. I find that athletes perform better than nonathletes in every subject area tested by the High School and Beyond survey and that this effect appear to differ by sex and race. Based on the literature, these results are likely to be especially true for urban youths. In addition, there are large benefits from leadership on these athletic teams.
Keywords athletics, achievement, sports, adolescents, high school
|
Anderson, D. J. (2001). “If you let me play”: The effects of participation in high school athletics on students’ educational and labor market success. doi:dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.258751 Google Scholar | |
|
Anderson, S. K. (1990). The effect of athletic participation on the academic aspirations and achievement of African American males in a New York City high school. Journal of Negro Education, 59, 507-516. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Barber, B. L., Eccles, J. S., Stone, M. R. (2000). Whatever happened to the jock, the brain, and the princess? Young adult pathways linked to adolescent activity involvement and social identity. Journal of Adolescent Research, 16, 429-455. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Barron, J. M., Ewing, B. T., Waddell, G. R. (2000). The effects of high school athletic participation on education and labor market outcomes. Review of Economics and Statistics, 82, 409-421. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Broh, B. A. (2002). Linking extracurricular programming to academic achievement: Who benefits and why? Sociology of Education, 75(1), 69-95. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Carlson, D., Scott, L., Planty, M., Thompson, J. (2005). What is the status of high school athletes 8 years after their senior year? Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences. Google Scholar | |
|
Cavanagh, S. (2009). Sour economy places athletics in jeopardy; Programs cut or scaled back, fees raised. Education Week, 28, 6-7. Google Scholar | |
|
Coleman, J. S. (1961). The adolescent society. New York, NY: The Free Press of Glencoe. Google Scholar | |
|
Cornelißen, T., Pfeifer, C. (2007). The impact of participation in sports on educational attainment—New evidence from Germany. Economics of Education Review, 29(1), 94-103. Google Scholar | |
|
DeMeulenaere, E. (2010). Playing the game: Sports as a force for promoting improved academic performance for urban youth. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 17(4), 127-135. Google Scholar | Medline | |
|
Dhuey, E., Lipscomb, S. (2008). What makes a leader? Relative age and high school leadership. Economics of Education Review, 27, 173-183. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Din, F. S. (2005-2006). Sports activities versus academic achievement for rural high school students. National Forum of Applied Educational Research Journal-Electronic, 19(3E), 1-11. Google Scholar | |
|
Eccles, J. S., Barber, B. L. (1999). Student council, volunteering, basketball, or marching band: What kind of extracurricular involvement matters? Journal of Adolescent Research, 14(10), 10-43. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Eccles, J. S., Templeton, J. (2002). Extracurricular and other after-school activities for youth. Review of Research in Education, 26, 113-180. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Eide, E. R., Ronan, N. (2001). Is participation in high school athletics an investment or a consumption good? Evidence from high school and beyond. Economics of Education Review, 20, 431-442. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Eitle, T. M., Eitle, D. J. (2002). Race, cultural capital, and the educational effects of participation in sports. Sociology of Education, 75(2), 123-146. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Fejgin, N. (1994). Participation in high school competitive sports: a subversion of school mission or contribution to academic goals? Sociology of Sport Journal, 11, 211-230. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hanson, S. L., Kraus, R. S. (1999). Women in male domains: Sport and science. Sociology of Sport Journal, 16, 92-110. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hanushek, E. A. (1979). Conceptual and empirical issues in the estimation of educational production functions. Journal of Human Resources, 14, 351-388. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hanushek, E. A. (2002). Publicly provided education. In Auerbach, A. J., Feldstein, M. (Eds.), Handbook of public economics (vol. 4, pp. 1787-2430). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Harrison, T. D. (2008). On 2SLS estimation of an interaction coefficient. Unpublished manuscript, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA. Google Scholar | |
|
Hauser, W. J., Lupetow, L. B. (1978). Participation in athletics and academic achievement: A replication and extension. The Sociological Quarterly, 19, 304-309. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Jacobsen, J. M. (1931). Athletics and scholarship in the high school. The School Review, 39, 280-287. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kaufmann, A. M. (2002). Interscholastic sports participation as a predictor of academic success for high school students (Unpublished dissertation). University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI. Google Scholar | |
|
Kling, J., Modi, M. (2000, November 13). Surveys measuring wellbeing: High school & beyond. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/~kling/surveys/HSB.htm Google Scholar | |
|
Lipscomb, S. (2007). Secondary school extracurricular involvement and academic achievement: a fixed effects approach. Economics of Education Review, 26, 463-472. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lozano, F. A. (2008). Language, high school leadership and the postsecondary outcomes of Hispanic students. Economics of Education Review, 27, 342-353. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Mahoney, J. L., Cairns, B. D., Farmer, T. W. (2003). Promoting interpersonal competence and educational success through extracurricular activity participation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 409-418. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Mahoney, J. L., Cairns, R. B. (1997). Do extracurricular activities protect against early school dropout? Developmental Psychology, 33, 241-253. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Marsh, H. W. (1993). The effects of participation in sport during the last two years of high school. Sociology of Sport Journal, 10, 10-43. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Marsh, H. W., Kleitman, S. (2003). School athletic participation: Mostly gain with little pain. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 25, 205-228. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
McEwan, P. J. (2008). Quantitative research methods in education finance and policy. In Ladd, H. F., Fiske, E. B. (Eds.), Handbook of research in education finance and policy (pp. 87-104). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
McNeal, R. B. (1995). Extracurricular activities and high school dropouts. Sociology of Education, 68(1), 62-80. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Mihoces, G. (1996, May 16). Sports, books go hand in hand: Athletes adept at getting jump on their studies. USA Today, p. 1C. Google Scholar | |
|
Murray, M. P. (2006). Avoiding invalid instruments and coping with weak instruments. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(4), 111-132. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Phillips, J. C., Schafer, W. E. (1971). Consequences of participation in interscholastic sports: A review and prospectus. The Pacific Socological Review, 14, 328-338. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Rehberg, R. A. (1969). Behavioral and attitudinal consequences of high school interscholastic sports. Adolescence, 4, 69-88. Google Scholar | |
|
Rehberg, R. A., Schafer, W. E. (1968). Participation in interscholastic athletics and college expectations. American Journal of Sociology, 73, 732-740. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Rice, J. K., Schwartz, A. E. (2008). Toward an understanding of productivity in education. In Ladd, H. F., Fiske, E. B. (Eds.), Handbook of research in education finance and policy (pp. 131-145). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Rouse, K. (2008). The impact of high school leadership on subsequent educational attainment and post-schooling wages. Unpublished manuscript, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. Google Scholar | |
|
Sabo, D., Melnick, M. J., Vanfossen, B. E. (1993). High school athletic participation and postsecondary educational and occupational mobility: A focus on race and gender. Sociology of Sport Journal, 10, 44-56. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Schafer, W. E., Armer, J. M. (1968). Athletes are not inferior students. Society, 6(1), 21-26. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Schley, V. (2004). The effects of athletic participation on academic achievement (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Wisconsin-Stout, Stout, WI. Google Scholar | |
|
Segrave, J. O. (1980). Delinquency and athletics: Review and reformulation, Journal of Sport Psychology, 2(2), 82-89. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Segrave, J. O. (1982). An investigation into the relationship between participation in interscholastic athletics and delinquent behavior. Dissertation Abstracts International, 42, 4389-4390. Google Scholar | |
|
Silliker, S. A., Quirk, J. T. (1997). The effect of extracurricular activity participation on the academic performance of male and female high school students. The School Counselor, 44, 228-293. Google Scholar | |
|
Sitkowski, L. S. (2008). The effects of participation in athletics on academic performance among high school sophomores and juniors (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA. Google Scholar | |
|
Snyder, E. E., Spreitzer, E. (1990). High school athletic participation as related to college attendance among Black, Hispanic, and White males: A research note. Youth & Society, 21, 390-398. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Snyder, T., Dillow, S. A. (2009). Digest of education statistics. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Spady, W. G. (1970). Lament for the letterman: Effects of peer status and extracurricular activities on goals and achievement. American Journal of Sociology, 75, 680-702. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Spreitzer, E. (1992). Does participation in interscholastic athletics affect adult development: A longitudinal analysis of an 18-24 age cohort. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Sociological Association, Washington, DC. Google Scholar | |
|
Stanley, K. L. (2006). A comparative study of the effects of athletic and musical extracurricular activities on student academic achievement at the secondary level. Unpublished seminar paper, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO. Google Scholar | |
|
Stegman, M. (2000). Athletics and academics: Are they compatible? High School Magazine, 7, 36-39. Google Scholar | |
|
Stevenson, B. (2010). Beyond the classroom: Using Title IX to measure the return to high school sports. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(2), 284-301. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Troutman, K. P. (2007). From high school jocks to college grads: Assessing the long-term effects of high school sport participation on females’ educational attainment. Youth & Society, 38, 443-462. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Videon, T. M. (2002). Who plays and who benefits: Gender, interscholastic athletics, and academic outcomes. Sociological Perspectives, 45, 415-444. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
White, N. B. (2005). The effects of athletic participation on academic achievement (Unpublished masters thesis). Marietta College, Marietta, OH. Google Scholar | |
|
Wooldridge, J. M. (2003). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach (2nd ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson-South-western. Google Scholar | |
|
Zahs, D., Pedlow, S., Morrissey, M., Marnell, P., Nichols, B. (1995). High school and beyond fourth followup methodology report. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Google Scholar | |
|
Zaugg, H. (1998). Academic comparison of athletes and non-athletes in a rural high school. NASSP Bulletin, 82(599), 63-72. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals |

