![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
A meta-analyses was undertaken to determine the factors that are most related with reducing the achievement gap. The meta-analysis included 30 studies that examined attempts to bridge the achievement gap between White students on one hand and Black and Latino students on the other. The results indicate that several factors are associated with a reduced achievement gap that could help bridge the gap. A number of these factors go beyond the bounds of the school. These findings suggest that social scientists may need a broad and multidisciplinary approach to the achievement gap, in which they consider a variety of factors can potentially reduce the gap. In addition, the results suggest that social scientist may consider combining educational, psychological, and sociological factors to develop a more comprehensive approach to narrowing the achievement gap. The significance of these results is discussed.
Keywords achievement gap, meta-analysis, African American, Latino, education, urban education
References
Section:
|
Bahr, S. J., Hawks, R. D., Wang, G. (1993). Family and religious influences on adolescent substance abuse. Youth & Society, 24, 443-465. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Banks, J. A., Banks, C. A. (1995). Handbook of research on multicultural education. New York, NY: Macmillan. Google Scholar | |
|
Bernak, F., Chi-Ying, R., Siroskey-Sabdo, L. A. (2005). Empowerment groups for academic success. Professional School Counseling, 8, 377-389. Google Scholar | |
|
*Borman, G., Hewes, G. (2002). Long-term cost effectiveness of Success For All. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 24, 243-266. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
*Borman, G., Slavin, R. E., Cheung, R. E., Chamberlain, B., Madden, A., Chambers, S. B. (2005). The national randomized field trial for Success For All: Second year outcomes. American Educational Research Journal, 42, 673-696. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
*Braun, H. I., Wang, A., Jenkins, F., Weinbaum, E. (2006). The black-white achievement gap: Do state policies matter? Education Policy Analysis Archives, 14(8), 1-107. Google Scholar | |
|
*Brody, G. H., Stoneman, Z., Flor, D. (1996). Parental religiosity, family processes, and youth competence in rural, two-parent African American families. Developmental Psychology, 32, 696-706. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
*Byfield, C. (2008). The impact of religion on the educational achievement of black boys: A UK and USA study. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 29, 189-199. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Chideya, F. (1995). Don’t believe the hype: Fighting the cultural misinformation about African Americans. New York: Plume. Google Scholar | |
|
Cho, P. (1989). Ordeal and glory through the 30-year history of Yoido Full Gospel Church. Seoul, South Korea: Yoido Full Gospel Church. Google Scholar | |
|
*Cohen, G. L., Garcia, J., Apfel, N., Master, N. (2006). Reducing the racial achievement gap: A social-psychological intervention. Science, 313, 1307-1310. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Coleman, J. S. (1966). Equality of educational opportunity. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Google Scholar | |
|
Cooper, R., Jordan, W. (2005). Cultural issues in comprehensive school reform. In Fashola, O. S. (Ed.), Educating African American males (pp. 1-18). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Corbett, D., Wilson, B., William, B. (2002). Effort and excellence in urban classrooms. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Cross, T., Slater, R. B. (1995). The first view of academic performance of African Americans at three highly ranked colleges. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 7, 76-79. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
*Dunham, R., Wilson, G. (2007). Race, within-family social capital and school drop out: An analysis of whites, blacks, Hispanics, and Asians. Sociological Spectrum. 27, 207-224. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Evans, R. (2005). A special section of the achievement gap—Reframing the achievement gap. Phi Delta Kappan, 86(8), 582. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Furnham, A. (1987). Predicting protestant work ethic beliefs. European Journal of Personality, 1, 93-106. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Garner, W. Co., Cole, E. G. (1986). The achievement of students in low-SES settings: An investigation of the relationship between locus of control and field dependence. Urban Education, 21, 189-206. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Gerhards, J. (1996). Religion and the spirit of capitalism: A comparison of attitudes toward work and the economic order in the USA and Spain. Berliner Journal for Sociologie, 6, 541-549. Google Scholar | |
|
Giorgi, L., Marsh, C. (1990). The Protestant work ethic as a cultural phenomenon. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 499-517. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Glass, G. V., McGaw, B., Smith, M. L. (1981). Meta-analysis in social research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
*Glenn, W. J. (2006). Separate but not yet equal: The relation between school finance adequacy litigation and African American student achievement. Peabody Journal of Education, 81(3), 63-93. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
*Green, L. R., Blasik, K., Hartshorn, K., Shatten-Jones, E. (2000). Closing the achievement gap in science: A program to encourage minority and female students to participate and succeed. ERS Spectrum, 18, 3-13. Google Scholar | |
|
Green, S. R. (2001). Closing the achievement gap: Lessons learned and challenges ahead. Teaching and Change, 8, 215-224. Google Scholar | |
|
Greenleaf, C., Brown, W., Litman, C. (2004). Apprenticing urban youth to science literacy. In Strickland, D. S., Alvermann, D. E. (Eds.), Bridging the literacy achievement gap, grades 4-12 (pp. 200-226). New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Gregory, A., Nygreen, K., Moran, D. (2006). The discipline gap and the normalization of failure. In Noguera, P. A., Wing, J. Y. (Eds.), Unfinished business: Closing the racial achievement gap in our schools (pp. 121-150). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
|
Harvey, W. B. (2008). The weakest link: A commentary on the connections between K 12 and higher education. American Behavioral Scientist, 51, 972-983. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Haycock, K. (2001). Closing the achievement gap. Educational Leadership, 58 (6), 6-11. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Haycock, K., Jerald, C. (2002). Closing the achievement gap. Principal, 82 (2), 20–23. Google Scholar | |
|
Hedges, L. (1981). Distribution theory for Glass’s estimator of effect size and related estimators. Journal of Educational Statistics, 6, 107-128. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Hedges, L. V., Nowell, A. (1999). Changes in the black-white gap in achievement test scores. Sociology of Education, 72, 111-135. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hedges, L. V., Vevea, J. L. (1998). Fixed and random effects models in meta-analysis. Psychological Method, 3, 486-504. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
*Henderson, R. D. (1975). School climate in white and black elementary schools: A comparative study. Urban Education, 9, 380-399. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Hicks, D. (2004). Coming of age in working-poor America: Lessons from ethnography and teaching. In Strickland, D. S., Alvermann, D. E. (Eds.), Bridging the literacy achievement gap, grades 4-12 (pp. 30-42). New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Google Scholar | |
|
*Hoffer, T. B. (1997). Social background and achievement in public and Catholic high schools. Social Psychology of Education, 2, 7-23. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Holman, T. B., Harding, J. R. (1996). The teaching of nonmarital sexual abstinence and members’ sexual attitudes and behaviors: The case of the Latter-day Saints. Review of Religious Research, 38, 51-60. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Jackson, L. E., Coursey, R. D. (1988). The relationship between God control and internal locus of control to intrinsic religious motivation, coping, and purpose in life. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27, 399-410. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Jerald, C., Haycock, K. (2002). Closing the gap. School Administrator, 59 (7), 16–22. Google Scholar | |
|
*Jeynes, W. (1999). The effects of religious commitment on the academic achievement of Black and Hispanic children. Urban Education, 34, 458-479. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
*Jeynes, W. (2001, August). Religiosity, non-intact families, and black and Hispanic academic achievement. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Psychological Association in San Francisco, CA. Google Scholar | |
|
Jeynes, W. (2003a). A Meta-Analysis: The Effects of Parental Involvement on Minority Children’s Academic Achievement. Education & Urban Society, 35 (2), 202-218. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Jeynes, W. (2003b). The Effects of Black and Hispanic Twelfth Graders Living in Intact Families and being Religious on their Academic Achievement. Urban Education, 38 (1), 35-57. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Jeynes, W. (2005). A Meta-Analysis of the Relation of Parental Involvement to Urban Elementary School Student Academic Achievement. Urban Education, 40 (3), 237-269. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Jeynes, W. (2007a). American Educational History: School, Society & the Common Good. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Jeynes, W. (2007b). The Relationship Between Parental Involvement and Urban Secondary School Student Academic Achievement: A Meta-analysis. Urban Education, 42 (1), 82-110. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Jeynes, W. (2008a). Preserving a National Asset (pp. 78-80, 102). Washington DC: White House. Google Scholar | |
|
Jeynes, W. (2008b, July). “The Academic Contributions of Faith-Based Schools.” Speech at the White House Conference on Inner City Children and Faith Based Schools. Washington DC. Google Scholar | |
|
Jeynes, W. (2008c). What We Should and Should Not Learn from the Japanese and other East Asian Education Systems? Educational Policy, 22 (6), 900-927. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Jeynes, W. (2010). The Salience of the Subtle Aspects of Parental Involvement and Encouraging that Involvement: Implications for School-Based Programs. Teachers College Record, 112 (3), 747-774. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Jeynes, W. (2011). Parental Involvement & Academic Success. New York: Taylor & Francis/Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Jeynes, W. (2012). A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Different Types of Parental Involvement Programs for Urban Students. Urban Education, 47 (4), 706-742. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Johnson, S. (1992). Extra-school factors in achievement, attainment, and aspiration among junior and senior high school-age African American youth. Journal of Negro Education, 61, 99-119. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
*Johnson-Webb, K. D. (2004). The role of migration, family characteristics, and English language ability on academic achievement. Inquiry: Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines, 24(1-2), 21-31. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
*Keith, T. Z., Page, E. B. (1985). Do Catholic schools improve minority student achievement? American Educational Research Journal, 22, 337-349. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Kozol, J. (1991). Savage inequalities. New York, NY: Crown. Google Scholar | |
|
Lang, B. (2000). Race and racism in theory and in practice. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. Google Scholar | |
|
*Lee, J. (1998). State policy correlates of the achievement gap among racial and social groups. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 24, 137-152. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lee, S. (2009). Follow-up students after 6 years of participation in Project EXCITE. Gifted Children Quarterly, 53, 137-156. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
*Lee, V. E. (1985). Investigating the relationship between social class and academic achievement in public and Catholic schools: The role of the academic (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Google Scholar | |
|
*Lee, V. E. (1986, April). Multilevel causal models for social class and achievement. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association in San Francisco, CA. Google Scholar | |
|
*Lee, V. E., Stewart, C. (1989). National Assessment of Educational Progress proficiency in mathematics and science: 1985-1986 Catholic and public schools compared (Final Report). Washington, DC: National Catholic Association. Google Scholar | |
|
McFadden, L. (2009). Miami’s “zone” teaches lessons about low performing schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 90, 557-562. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
McKenzie, B. (2008). Reconsidering the effects of bonding social capital: A closer look at black civil society institutions in America. Political Behavior, 30, 25-45. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Mentzer, M. S. (1988). Religion and achievement motivation in the United States: A structural analysis. Sociological Focus, 21, 307-316. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Michael, Y. L., Farquhar, A., Wiggins, N., Green, M. K. (2008). Findings from a community-based participatory prevention research study designed to increase social capital in Latino and African American communities. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 10, 281-289. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Micklethwait, J., Wooldridge, A. (2009). God is back: How the global revival of faith is changing the world. New York, NY: Penguin. Google Scholar | |
|
Miller, B. C., Olson, T. D. (1988). Sexual attitudes and behavior of high school students relation to background and contextual factors. Journal of Sex Research, 24, 194-200. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Mudrack, P. E. (1992). “Work” or “leisure”! The Protestant work ethic and participation in an employee fitness program. Journal of Organization Behavior, 13, 81-88. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Navarro, M. S., Natalicio, D. S. (1999). Closing the achievement gap in El Paso: A collaboration for K-16 renewal. Phi Delta Kappan, 80, 597-601. Google Scholar | |
|
Nylander, A. B., Tung, Y., Xu, X. (1996, August). The effect of religion on adolescent drug use in America: An assessment of change, 1976-1992. Paper presented at the American Sociological Association meeting in New York, NY. Google Scholar | |
|
Ogbu, J. U. (1992). Adaptation to minority status and impact on school success. Theory into Practice 31, 287–295. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Ogbu, J. U. (1993). Differences in cultural frame of reference. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 16, 483-506. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Olneck, N. (2005). Economic consequences of the achievement gap for African Americans. Marquette Law Review, 89, 95-104. Google Scholar | |
|
Orfield, G., Kahlenberg, R. D., Gordon, E. W., Genessee, F., Slocumb, P. D., Payne, R. K. (2000). The new diversity. Principal, 79(5), 6-32. Google Scholar | |
|
*Porfeli, E., Wang, C., Audette, R., McColl, A., Algozzine, B. (2009). Influence of social and community capital on student achievement in a large urban school district. Education and Urban Society, 42, 72-95. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
*Reini, E. W. (2004). Examining different school structures effect on reducing the achievement gap between African American and white students (Master’s thesis). University in Cedarville, OH. Google Scholar | |
|
*Rippeyoung, P. L. E. (2009). Is it too late baby? Pinpointing the emergence of a black-white test gap in infancy. Sociological Perspectives, 52, 235-258. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Roach, R. (2001). In the academic and think-tank world, pondering achievement-gap remedies take center stage. Black Issues in Higher Education, 18(1), 26-27. Google Scholar | |
|
*Roscigno, V. J. (1998). Race, institutional languages, and the reproduction of educational disadvantage. Social Forces, 76, 1033-1061. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
*Ross, S. M., Smith, L. J., Casey, J. P. (1999). “Bridging the gap”: The effects of the Success For All program on elementary school reading achievement as a function of student ethnicity and ability level. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 10, 129-150. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Rothstein, R. (2004). Class and schools: Using social, economic, and educational reform to close the black-white achievement gap. New York, NY: Columbia University. Google Scholar | |
|
*Rumberger, R. W., Willms, J. D. (1992). The impact of racial and ethnic segregation on the achievement gap in California high schools. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 14, 377-396. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
*Sebring, P. A., Camburn, E. M. (1992). A profile of eighth graders in Catholic schools based on the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988. Washington, DC: National Catholic Education Association. Google Scholar | |
|
*Simpson, C. (1981). Classroom organization and the gap between minority and non-minority student performance levels. Educational Research Quarterly, 6(3), 43-53. Google Scholar | |
|
*Slavin, R. E., Madden, N. A. (2001, April). Reducing the gap: Success for All and the achievement of African American and Latino students. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Seattle, WA. Google Scholar | |
|
Slavin, R. E., Madden, N. A. (2006). Reducing the gap: Success for All and the achievement of African American students. Journal of Negro Education, 75, 389-400. Google Scholar | |
|
*Stevens, T., Olivarez, A., Hamman, D. (2006). The role of cognition, motivation, and emotion in explaining the mathematics achievement gap between Hispanic and white students. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 28, 161-186. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
*Trent, W. T. (1997). Why the gap between black and white performance in school? A report on the effects of race on student achievement in the St. Louis public schools. Journal of Negro Education, 66, 320-329. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Weber, M. (1958).The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism (Parsons, T. , Trans.). New York, NY: Parsons. Google Scholar | |
|
*Williams, D. (1982). Achievement outcomes in public and private schools: A closer look at the high school and beyond data (ERIC 234157). Stanford, CA: Institute for Research on Educational Finance and Governance. Google Scholar | |
|
Zambrana, R. E., Zoppi, I. M. (2002). Latina students: Translating cultural wealth into social capital to improve academic success. Journal of Ethnic Diversity in Social Work, 11(1-2), 33-54. Google Scholar | Crossref |
