Abstract
Community schools represent a school reform approach that purports to address the multifaceted and intertwined challenges faced by poor urban communities and schools. The community school approach includes partnering with community organizations, making the school a community hub where services are provided during and outside of the school day, and targeting broad student, family, and community outcomes. This study examines one of the primary components of community schools, school- and community-sponsored extracurricular programming, and its relationship to academic achievement. The study was performed at an urban community school serving Grades 7 through 12. Descriptive analyses indicated high levels of participation and variation in participation, and academic achievement by demographic group. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that both school- and community-sponsored program participation were significant predictors of academic achievement. Implications of the results and future directions for research are discussed.
|
Balfanz, R., Legters, N. (2004). Locating the dropout crisis: Which high schools produce the nation’s dropouts? Where are they located? Who attends them? Baltimore, MD: Center for Social Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins University. Google Scholar | |
|
Blank, M. J., Melaville, A., Shah, B. P. (2003). Making the difference: Research and practice in community schools. Washington, DC: Coalition for Community Schools. Google Scholar | |
|
Bringle, R. G., Officer, S. D. H., Grim, J., Hatcher, J. A. (2009). George Washington Community High School: Analysis of a partnership network. New Directions for Youth Development, 2009(122), 41-60. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G. (1997). The effects of poverty on children. The Future of Children, 7(2), 55-71. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Brown, R., Evans, W. P. (2002). Extracurricular activity and ethnicity: Creating greater school connection among diverse student populations. Urban Education, 37, 41-58. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Busseri, M. A., Rose-Krasnor, L., Pancer, S. M., Pratt, M. W., Adams, G. R., Birnie-Lefcovitch, S., . . .Wintre, M. (2011). A longitudinal study of breadth and intensity of activity involvement and the transition to university. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 512-518. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00691.x Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Busseri, M. A., Rose-Krasnor, L., Willoughby, T., Chalmers, H. (2006). A longitudinal examination of breadth and intensity of youth activity involvement and successful development. Developmental Psychology, 42, 1313-1326. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
The Children’s Aid Society . (2001). Building a community school (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Coalition for Community Schools . (n.d.). Community schools: Promoting student success: A rationale and results framework. Washington, DC: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Darling-Hammond, L. (2001). The challenge of staffing our schools. Educational Leadership, 58(8), 12-17. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Denault, A.-S., Poulin, F. (2009). Intensity and breadth of participation in organized activities during the adolescent years: Multiple associations with youth outcomes. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 38, 1199-1213. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9437-5 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Dewey, J. (2009). Democracy and education: An introduction to the philosophy of education (Kindle Touch version). Available from amazon.com (Original work published 1916) Google Scholar | |
|
Dryfoos, J. G. (2000). Evaluation of community schools: Findings to date. Washington, DC: Coalition for Community Schools. Google Scholar | |
|
Dryfoos, J. G. (2005). Full-service community schools: A strategy—Not a program. New Directions for Youth Development, 2005(107), 7-14. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Dryfoos, J. G., Maguire, S. (2002). Inside full-service community schools. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Dryfoos, J. G., Quinn, J., Barkin, C. (Eds.). (2005). Community schools in action: Lessons from a decade of practice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Eccles, J. S., Barber, B. L., Stone, M., Hunt, J. (2003). Extracurricular activities and adolescent development. Journal of Social Issues, 59, 865-889. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Evans, G. (2004). The environment of childhood poverty. American Psychologist, 59, 77-92. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Feldman, A. F., Matjasko, J. L. (2005). The role of school-based extracurricular activities in adolescent development: A comprehensive review and future directions. Review of Educational Research, 75, 159-210. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Fredricks, J. A., Eccles, J. S. (2006). Extracurricular involvement and adolescent adjustment: Impact of duration, number of activities, and breadth of participation. Applied Developmental Science, 10, 132-146. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Fredricks, J. A., Eccles, J. S. (2008). Participation in extracurricular activities in the middle school years: Are there developmental benefits for African American and European American youth? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 1029-1043. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Glanville, J., Sikkink, D., Hernandez, E. (2008). Religious involvement and educational outcomes: The role of social capital and extracurricular participation. Sociological Quarterly, 49, 105-137. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gonzalez, R., Padilla, A. M. (1997). The academic resilience of Mexican American high school students. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 19, 301-317. doi:10.1177/07399863970193004 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Grim, J., Officer, S. (2010). George Washington Community High School: A community-university partnership success story. Universities and Community Schools, 8, 55-62. Google Scholar | |
|
Holland, A., Andre, T. (1987). Participation in extracurricular activities in secondary school: What is known, what needs to be known? Review of Educational Research, 57, 437-466. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lankford, H., Loeb, S., Wyckoff, J. (2002). Teacher sorting and the plight of urban schools: A descriptive analysis. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 24, 37-62. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lawson, H. A. (2010). An appreciation and a selective enhancement of the developing model for university-assisted community schools. Universities and Community Schools, 8, 5-20. Google Scholar | |
|
Lewin, K. (2009). Quasi-stationary social equilibria and the problem of permanent change. In Burke, W. W., Lake, D. G., Paine, J. W. (Eds.), Organization change: A comprehensive reader (pp. 73-77). San Francisco, CA: John Wiley. (Original work published 1947) Google Scholar | |
|
Mahoney, J. L., Cairns, R. B. (1997). Do extracurricular activities protect against early school dropout? Developmental Psychology, 33, 241-253. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Marsh, H., Kleitman, S. (2002). Extracurricular school activities: The good, the bad, and the nonlinear. Harvard Educational Review, 72, 464-515. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Noguera, P. A. (2011). A broader and bolder approach uses education to break the cycle of poverty. Phi Delta Kappan, 93(3), 8-14. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Planty, M., Hussar, W., Snyder, T., Provasnik, S., Kena, G., Dinkes, R., . . .Kemp, J. (2008). The condition of education 2008. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Power, T. J. (2009). Editorial note: Promoting social justice. School Psychology Review, 37, 451-452. Google Scholar | |
|
Rose-Krasnor, L., Busseri, M., Willoughby, T., Chalmers, H. (2006). Breadth and intensity of youth activity involvement as contexts for positive development. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 35, 365-379. doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9037-6 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Saenz, V. B., Ponjuan, L. (2009). The vanishing Latino male in higher education. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 8, 54-89. doi:10.1177/1538192708326995 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Shulruf, B. (2010). Do extra-curricular activities in schools improve educational outcomes? A critical review and meta-analysis of the literature. International Review of Education, 56, 591-612. doi:10.1007/s11159-010-9180-x Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Warren, M. R. (2005). Communities and schools: A new view of urban education reform. Harvard Educational Review, 75, 133-173. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Warren, M. R. (2011). Building a political constituency for urban school reform. Urban Education, 46, 484-512. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Wirt, J., Choy, S., Rooney, P., Hussar, W., Provasnik, S., Hampden-Thompson, G. (2005). The condition of education 2005. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Google Scholar |

