Abstract
Facilitating economically disadvantaged students’ access to higher education is an important goal of educational policy. However, some practices toward this goal are based on theories and assumptions not informed by the students’ conditions or needs. The purpose of this study was to understand the challenges faced by students from high poverty, urban high schools in their yearning for a college education. Analyses of interview and observation data from a yearlong study in six high-poverty schools revealed that economically disadvantaged students face contextual challenges that necessitate additional efforts and resources not required by others, including money, time, knowledge, courage, sacrifice, and taking risks. The findings are discussed in light of Bourdieu’s theory of capital in education. Implications for educational policy and practice are outlined, including increased attention to non-psychological, structural factors impacting college attainment such as systemic and cumulative disadvantage resulting from lack of various forms of capital.
|
Allard, M. D. (2008). How high school students use time: A visual essay. Monthly Labor Review, 131, 51-61. Google Scholar | |
|
Aronson, P. (2008). Breaking barriers or locked out? Class-based perceptions and experiences of postsecondary education. [Special issue: Social class and transitions to adulthood]. New directions for child and adolescent development, 2008 (119), 41-54). doi: 10.1002/cd.208 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Aud, S., Hussar, W., Kena, G., Bianco, K., Frohlich, L., Kemp, J., Tahan, K. (2011). The condition of education 2011 (NCES 2011-033). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Baum, S., Ma, J. (2011). Trends in college pricing 2011. New York, NY: College Board. Google Scholar | |
|
Billson, J. M., Terry, M. B. (1982). In search of the silken purse: Factors in attrition among first-generation students. College and University, 58, 57-75. Google Scholar | |
|
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In Richardson, J. (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241-258). New York, NY: Greenwood. Google Scholar | |
|
Bourdieu, P. (1973). Cultural reproduction and social reproduction. In Brown, R. (Ed.), Knowledge, education and social change (pp. 71-84). London, England: Taylor & Francis. Google Scholar | |
|
Bourdieu, P., Passeron, J. (1977). Reproduction in education, society and culture (Nice, R. Trans.). London, England: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Bourke, A., Jenkins, A. (2011). Between vulnerability and risk: Promoting access and equity in a school university partnership program. Urban Education, 46, 76-98. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Bowen, G. (2008). Naturalistic inquiry and the saturation concept: A research note. Qualitative Research, 8, 137-152. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Burney, V., Beilke, J. (2008). Constraints of poverty on high achievement. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 31, 295-321. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Cabrera, A. F., La Nasa, S. M. (2001). On the path to college: Three critical tasks facing America’s disadvantaged. Research in Higher Education, 42, 119-149. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Choy, S. P., Horn, L. J., Nunez, A., Chen, X. (2000). Transition to college: What helps at-risk students and students whose parents did not attend colleges. New Directions for Institutional Research, 107, 45-63. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Clery, S. (2009). Data Notes: Keeping informed about Achieving the Dream data. Achieving the Dream. 4(4). Retrieved from http://www.ccac.edu/files/PDF_Document/70f551cc7af54f749f14353615236630.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. The American Journal of Sociology, 94(Suppl.), S95-S120. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Coleman, J. S., Campbell, E. Q., Hobson, C. J., McPartland, J., Mood, A. M., Weinfeld, F. D., York, R. L. (1966). Equality of educational opportunity. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Google Scholar | |
|
Corbin, J., Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Dubow, E. F., Boxer, P., Huesmann, R. (2009). Long-term effects of parents’ education on children’s educational and occupational success. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 55, 224-249. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Engle, J., Tinto, V. (2008). Moving beyond access: College success for low income, first-generation students. Washington DC: The Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Fabel, L. (2010, May 16). Senior year expenses, from prom to AP tests, add up for parents. Washington Examine. Retrieved from http://washingtonexaminer.com/senior-year-expenses-from-prom-to-ap-tests-add-up-for-parents/article/14048 Google Scholar | |
|
Fortin, L., Marcotte, D., Potvin, P., Royer, E., Joly, J. (2006). Typology of students at risk of dropping out of school: Description by personal, family and school factors. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 21, 363-383. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: The story of success. New York, NY: Little, Brown. Google Scholar | |
|
Glaser, B. G., Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago, IL: Aldine. Google Scholar | |
|
Goodwin, L. L. (2006). Graduating class: Disadvantaged students crossing the bridge of higher education. Albany: State University of New York Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Griesemer, N. (2013). UVa changes rules governing financial aid for low-income students. Examiner.com, Clarity Digital Group. Retrieved from http://www.examiner.com/article/uva-changes-rules-governing-financial-aid-for-low-income-students Google Scholar | |
|
Ingersoll, G., Scamman, J. P., Echerkling, W. D. (1989). Geographic mobility and student achievement in an urban setting. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11, 143-149. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Jencks, C. (1972). Inequality: A reassessment of the effect of family and schooling in America. New York, NY: Basic Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Jordan, K., Pizmony-Levy, O., Powell, B. (2011, April). Blind side: Americans’ perceptions of inequalities in college access, 2011. Paper presented at the AERA annual meeting, New Orleans, LA. Google Scholar | |
|
Kerbow, D. (1996). Patterns of urban student mobility and local school reform. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 1, 147-170. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kleinfeld, J. (2009). No map to manhood: Male and female mindsets behind the college gender. Gender Issues, 26, 171-182. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kuh, G. D., Kinzie, J., Buckley, J. A., Bridges, B. K., Hayek, J. C. (Eds.). (2007). Piecing together the student success puzzle: Research, propositions, and recommendations. ASHE Higher Education Report, 32(5), 1-182. Google Scholar | |
|
Lareau, A. (2000). Home advantage. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. Google Scholar | |
|
Laskey, M. L., Hetzel, C. J. (2011). Investigating factors related to retention of at-risk college students. Learning Assistance Review, 16(1), 31-43. Google Scholar | |
|
Lave, J. (1990). The culture of acquisition and the practice of understanding. In Stigler, J. W., Shweder, R. A., Herdt, G. (Eds.), Cultural psychology: Essays on comparative human development (pp. 309-327). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lee, V. E., Burkman, D. T. (2002). Inequality at the starting gate: Social background differences in achievement as children begin school. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute. Google Scholar | |
|
Lehmann, W. (2007). “I just didn’t feel like I fit in”: The role of habitus in university drop-out decisions. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 37, 89-110. Google Scholar | |
|
Lincoln, Y., Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. New York, NY: Sage. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lomotey, K., Milner, H. R. (2012). Inner-city education in times of transition: The Journal, Urban Education, 46 years young. Urban Education, 47, 347-350. doi:10.1177/0042085911434570 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lubrano, A. (2005). Limbo: Blue-collar roots, white-collar dreams. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Lynch, K., O’Riordan, C. (1998). Inequality in higher education: A study of class barriers. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 19, 445-478. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Milner, H. R. (2012). Towards transformative knowledge construction in urban education. Urban Education, 47, 351-353. doi:10.1177/0042085911436231 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Pascarella, E. T., Pierson, C. T., Wolniak, G. C., Terenzini, P. T. (2004). First-generation college students: Additional evidence on college experiences and outcomes. The Journal of Higher Education, 75, 249-284. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Peterson’s Nelnet . (2010). Timelines for parents: Help your child find colleges and get in. Retrieved from http://www.petersons.com/college-search/planning-list-students-parents.aspx Google Scholar | |
|
Ramsbrock, D. (2002, June 21). Cha-ching! Senior year expenses can put a squeeze on pocketbook. The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved from http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-87701097.html Google Scholar | |
|
Rothstein, R. (2009). Equalizing opportunity: Dramatic differences in children’s home life and health mean that schools can’t do it alone. American Educator, 33(2). Google Scholar | |
|
Schoeni, R. F., Ross, K. E. (2005). Material assistance from families during the transition to adulthood. In Settersten, R. A., Furstenberg, F. F., Rumbaut, R. G. (Eds.), On the frontier of adulthood: Theory, research, and public policy (pp. 396-416). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Suskind, R. (1998). Hope in the unseen: An American odyssey from the inner city to the Ivy League. New York, NY: Broadway Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Teachman, J. D. (1987). Family background, educational resources, and educational attainment. American Sociological Review, 52, 548-557. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Thompson, L. (2007, June 11). Senior year means a major investment. Seattle Times. Available from http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/ Google Scholar | |
|
Tuckman, B., Abry, D., Smith, D. R. (2002). Learning and motivation strategies: Your guide to success. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Google Scholar | |
|
U.S. Department of Education . (2010). Digest of education statistics. National Center for Education Statistics. NCES 2011-015. Google Scholar | |
|
Van der Stoep, S., Pintrich, P. (2008). Learning to learn: The skill and will of college success (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Walpole, M. (2003). Socioeconomic status and college: How SES affects college experiences and outcomes. Review of Higher Education, 27(1), 45-73. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |

