Abstract
Access to higher education has increased substantially in Latin America, but inequalities in access to and completion of higher education still remain. In this regard, identifying vulnerable groups and exclusion factors is a priority in Latin America’s university systems. The aim of this article is to understand in depth governing board perceptions of exclusion factors in higher education institutions in Latin America. The study has identified five key factors that help better understand exclusion from higher education in Latin America: (a) personal characteristics, (b) family situation, (c) institutional features, (d) public policies, and (e) phases of university students’ development.
Keywords higher education, vulnerability, achievement, access, exclusion, inequalities
|
Aponte-Hernández, E. (2008). Inequality, inclusion, and equity trends in higher education in Latin America and the Caribbean: Towards an alternative scenario for 2020. In Gazzola, A., Didriksson, A. (Eds.), Trends in higher education in Latin America and the Caribbean (pp. 109-148). Caracas, Venezuela: IESALC-UNESCO. Google Scholar | |
|
Ascher, W., Mirovitskaya, N. (Eds.). (2012). Economic development strategies and the evolution of violence in Latin America. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bashir, S., Luque, J. (2012). Equity in tertiary education in Central America. Washington, DC: World Bank. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Boliver, V. (2011). Expansion, differentiation, and the persistence of social class inequalities in British higher education. Higher Education, 61, 229-242. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Byrne, D. (2005). Social exclusion. Berkshire, England: McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar | |
|
Centre for the Study of Higher Education . (2008). Participation and equity: A review of the participation in higher education of people from low socioeconomic backgrounds and Indigenous people. Retrieved from http://www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv35491 Google Scholar | |
|
Centro Interuniversitario de Desarrollo [CINDA] . (2011). Educación Superior en Iberoamérica. Informe 2011 [Higher education in Latin America. Report 2011]. Santiago de Chile, Chile: Ril Editores. Google Scholar | |
|
Chowdry, H., Crawford, C., Dearden, L., Goodman, A., Vignoles, A. (2013). Widening participation in higher education: Analysis using linked administrative data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (Statistics in Society), 176, 431-457. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Contreras, F. (2011). Achieving equity for Latino students: Expanding the pathway to higher education through public policy. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Crosling, G., Heagney, M., Thomas, L. (2009). Improving student retention in higher education: Improving teaching and learning. Australian Universities’ Review, 51(2), 9-18. Google Scholar | |
|
Croxford, L., Raffe, D. (2014). Social class, ethnicity and access to higher education in the four countries of the UK: 1996-2010. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 33, 77-95. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Davies, P., Mangan, J., Hughes, A. (2009). Participation, financial support and the marginal student. Higher Education, 58, 193-204. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Dawson, P., Charman, K., Kilpatrick, S. (2013). The new higher education reality: What is an appropriate model to address the widening participation agenda? Higher Education Research & Development, 32, 706-721. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
De Ferranti, D., Perry, G., Ferreira, H. G., Walton, M. (2004). Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean: Breaking with history? Washington, DC: World Bank. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
d’Hombres, B., Nguyen-Hoang, P. (2011). International and time comparisons of inequality in tertiary education. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547664-1099079956815/547670-1128086743752/Beatrice_dHombres_and_Phuong_Nguyen_Hoang.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Frankema, E. (2012). Industrial wage inequality in Latin America in global perspective, 1900-2000. Studies in Comparative International Development, 47, 47-74. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gasparini, L., Cruces, G. (2013). Poverty and inequality in Latin America: A story of two decades. Journal of International Affairs, 66, 51-63. Google Scholar | |
|
Gazzola, A., Didriksson, A. (2008). Trends in higher education in Latin America and the Caribbean. Caracas, Venezuela: IESALC-UNESCO. Google Scholar | |
|
Gereluk, D., Race, R. (2007). Multicultural tensions in England, France and Canada: Contrasting approaches and consequences. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 17, 113-129. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gibbons, S., Vignoles, A. (2009). Access, choice and participation in higher education (CEEDP101). London, England: Centre for Economics of Education, London School of Economics. Google Scholar | |
|
Gibbons, S., Vignoles, A. (2012). Geography, choice and participation in higher education in England. Regional Science & Urban Economics, 42, 98-113. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gidley, J., Hampson, G., Wheeler, L., Bereded-Samuel, E. (2010). From access to success: An integrated approach to quality higher education informed by social inclusion theory and practice. Higher Education Policy, 23, 123-147. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hesse-Biber, S., Leavy, P. (2006). The practice of qualitative research. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Huber, E., Stephens, J. D. (2012). Democracy and the left: Social policy and inequality in Latin America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Johnson, I. (2006). Analysis of stopout behaviour at a public research university: The multi-spell discrete-time approach. Research in Higher Education, 47, 905-934. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Jones, R., Thomas, L. (2005). The 2003 UK Government Higher Education White Paper: A critical assessment of its implications for the access and widening participation agenda. Journal of Education Policy, 20, 615-630. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kilpatrick, S., Johns, S. (2014). Institutional responses to social inclusion in Australian higher education. Widening Participation and Lifelong Learning, 16(2), 27-45. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
King, R., Marginson, S., Naidoo, R. (Eds.). (2011). Handbook on globalization and higher education. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Krueger, R., Casey, M. A. (2008). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (4th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Kuh, G., Kinzie, J., Buckley, J., Bridges, B., Hayek, J. (2011). Piecing together the student success puzzle: Research, propositions, and recommendations: ASHE higher education report (Vol. 116). San Francisco, CA: John Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Levy, S., Schady, N. (2013). Latin America’s social policy challenge: Education, social insurance, redistribution. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(2), 193-218. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Litosseliti, L. (2003). Using focus groups in research. London, England: Continuum. Google Scholar | |
|
Lörz, M., Schindler, S., Walter, J. (2011). Gender inequalities in higher education: Extent, development and mechanisms of gender differences in enrolment and field of study choice. Irish Educational Studies, 30, 179-198. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lustig, N., Lopez-Calva, L. F., Ortiz-Juarez, E. (2013). Declining inequality in Latin America in the 2000s: The cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico. World Development, 44, 129-141. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Márquez, G., Chong, A., Duryea, S., Mazza, J., Ñopo, H. (2007). Los de afuera. Patrones cambiantes de exclusión en América Latina y el Caribe [Outsiders. Changing patterns of exclusion in Latin America and the Caribbean]. New York, NY: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. Google Scholar | |
|
Martin, L., Spolander, G., Ali, I., Maas, B. (2014). The evolution of student identity: A case of caveat emptor. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 38, 200-210. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Mato, D. (2012). Educación Superior y pueblos indígenas y afrodescendientes en América Latina. Normas, políticas y prácticas [Higher education and native people and Afro-descendants in Latin America. Standards, policies and practices]. Caracas, Venezuela: UNESCO/IESLAC. Google Scholar | |
|
McAndrew, P., Scanlon, E., Clow, D. (2010). An open future for higher education. Educause Quarterly, 33(1). Retrieved from http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/open-future-higher-education Google Scholar | |
|
McMillan, J., Schumacher, S. (2010). Research in education: Evidence-based inquiry (7th ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Pearson Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Miles, M., Huberman, M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD] . (2011). Education at a glance 2011: OECD indicators. Paris, France: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD] . (2012). Education at a glance 2012: OECD indicators. Paris, France: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Percy-Smith, J. (2000). Policy responses to social exclusion: Towards inclusion? Buckingham, UK: Open University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Reay, D., Crozier, G., Clayton, J. (2010). “Fitting in” or “standing out”: Working-class students in UK higher education. British Educational Research Journal, 36, 107-124. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Saint, W. (2009, October 20). Guiding universities: Governance and management arrangements around the globe (Commissioned by the Human Development Network World Bank). Washington, DC: World Bank. Google Scholar | |
|
Solernou, I. A. (2013). La familia y su participación en la universalización de la Educación Superior. Educación Médica Superior, 27(1), 54-63. Google Scholar | |
|
Santiago, P., Tremblay, K., Basri, E., Arnal, E. (2008). Tertiary education for the knowledge society. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD]. Google Scholar | |
|
Savitz-Romer, M., Rowan-Kenyon, M., Weilundemo, M., Swan, A. (2010). Educational pathways to equity: A review of global outreach and bridge practices and policies that promote successful participation in tertiary education. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547664-1099079956815/547670-1128086743752/Jamil_OutreachandBridge2011_Nov.4.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Thomas, L. (2013). What works? Facilitating an effective transition into higher education. Widening Participation and Lifelong Learning, 14(1), 4-24. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Tieben, N., Wolbers, M. (2010). Transitions to post-secondary and tertiary education in the Netherlands: A trend analysis of unconditional and conditional socio-economic background effects. Higher Education, 60, 85-100. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Torre, D., Zapata, G. (2012). Impacto de procesos de aseguramiento de la calidad sobre las instituciones de educación superior: un estudio en siete países [Impact of process quality assurance of higher education institutions: A study in seven countries]. In Lemaitre, M., Zenteno, M. (Eds.), Aseguramiento de la calidad en Iberoamérica. Informe 2012. [Quality assurance in Latin America. Report 2012] (pp. 115-157). Santiago de Chile, Chile: Ril Editores. Google Scholar | |
|
Triventi, M. (2013). Stratification in higher education and its relationship with social inequality: A comparative study of 11 European countries. European Sociological Review, 29, 489-502. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization-International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean [UNESCO-IESALC] . (2010). La Universidad latinoamericana en discusión [The Latin American university in discussion]. Caracas, Venezuela: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Wang, L. (2011). Social exclusion and inequality in higher education in China: A capability perspective. International Journal of Educational Development, 31, 277-286. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wengraf, T. (2001). Qualitative research interviewing: Biographic narrative and semi-structured methods. London, England: Sage. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Whiteford, G., Shah, M., Nair, S. (2013). Equity and excellence are not mutually exclusive: A discussion of academic standards in an era of widening participation. Quality Assurance in Education, 21, 299-310. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Wintre, M. G., Dilouya, B., Pancer, M., Pratt, M., Birnie-Lefcovitch, S., Polivy, J., Adams, G. (2011). Academic achievement in first-year university: Who maintains their high school average? Higher Education, 62, 467-481. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |

