Abstract
This article assesses the association between the Title I School Improvement Grant (SIG) program’s personnel replacement policy and teacher employment patterns within an urban school district. Hannan and Freeman’s population ecology model allowed the authors to consider schools within districts as individual organizations nested within a larger organization. The data are drawn from employment records of 2,470 teachers who worked in 19 high schools in a single school district from 2006 to 2011. The personnel replacement policy of the Title I SIG program appears to have reinforced, and in some cases intensified, existing patterns of teacher selection, retention, and migration.
|
Allensworth, E., Ponisciak, S., Mazzeo, C. (2009). The schools teachers leave: Teacher mobility in Chicago Public Schools. Chicago, IL: Consortium on Chicago School Research. Retrieved from http://ccsr.uchicago.edu/content/publications.php?pub_id=134 Google Scholar | |
|
Amburgey, T. L., Rao, H. (1996). Organizational ecology: Past, present, and future directions. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1265-1286. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Barnett, K., McCormick, J. (2004). Leadership and individual principal-teacher relationships in schools. Educational Administration Quarterly, 40, 406-434. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Borman, G. D., Dowling, N. M. (2008). Teacher attrition and retention: A meta-analytic and narrative review of the research. Review of Educational Research, 78, 367-409. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Borman, G. D., Kimball, S. (2005). Teacher quality and educational equality: Do teachers with higher standards-based evaluation ratings close student achievement gaps? Elementary School Journal, 106, 3-20. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Boyd, D., Grossman, P., Ing, M., Lankford, H., Loeb, S., Wyckoff, J. (2011). The influence of school administrators on teacher retention decisions. American Educational Research Journal, 48, 303-333. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Boyd, D., Grossman, P., Lankford, H., Loeb, S., Wyckoff, J. (2006). How changes in entry requirements alter the teacher workforce and affect student achievement. Education Finance and Policy, 1, 176-216. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bryk, A. S., Sebring, P. B., Allensworth, E., Easton, J. Q., Luppescu, S. (2010). Organizing schools for improvement: Lessons from Chicago. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Carroll, G. R. (1984). Organizational ecology. Annual Review of Sociology, 10, 71-93. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Carroll, G. R. (2012). Introduction to special section honoring John Freeman. Industrial and Corporate Change, 21, 95-97. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Carroll, G. R., Hannan, M. T. (2000). The demography of corporations and industries. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Carroll, G. R., Harrison, J. R., McKendrick, D. G. (2012). Selection and variation in organizational evolution. Industrial and Corporate Change, 21, 217-243. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Darling-Hammond, L., Berry, B., Thoreson, A. (2001). Does teacher certification matter? Evaluating the evidence. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 23, 57-77. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
DeAngelis, K. J., Presley, J. B. (2011). Toward a more nuanced understanding of new teacher attrition. Education and Urban Society, 43, 598-626. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Duke, D. L. (1995). The school that refused to die. Albany: State University of New York Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Duke, D. L. (2007). Keys to sustaining successful school turnaround. Charlottesville, VA: Darden-Curry Partnership for Leaders in Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Duke, D. L. (2008). Understanding school decline. International Studies in Educational Administration, 36(2), 46-65. Google Scholar | |
|
Duncan, A. (2009, June). Start over. Education Week, 28, 36. Google Scholar | |
|
Gause, G. F. (1934). The struggle for existence. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Goldhaber, D. D., Brewer, D. J. (2000). Does teacher certification matter? High school teacher certification status and student achievement. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 22, 129-145. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Gómez, J., Orcos, R., Palomas, S. (2016). Competitors’ strategic heterogeneity and firm performance. Long Range Planning, 49, 145-163. doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2014.09.006 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Griffith, J. (2004). Relation of principal transformation leadership to school staff job satisfaction, staff turnover, and school performance. Journal of Educational Administration, 42, 333-356. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Guarino, C. M., Santibañez, L., Daley, G. A. (2006). Teacher recruitment and retention: A review of the recent empirical literature. Review of Educational Research, 76, 173-208. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Hallinger, P., Heck, R. H. (1998). Exploring the principal’s contribution to school effectiveness: 1980-1995. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 9, 157-191. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hannan, M. T., Freeman, J. (1977). The population ecology of organizations. American Journal of Sociology, 82, 929-964. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hanushek, E. A., Kain, J., Rivkin, S. G. (2004). Why public schools lose teachers. Journal of Human Resources, 39, 326-354. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hanushek, E. A., Rivkin, S. G. (2007). Pay, working conditions, and teacher quality. The Future of Children, 17(1), 69-86. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Hawley, A. H. (1968). Human ecology. In Sills, D. L. (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social sciences (pp. 328-337). New York, NY: Macmillan. Google Scholar | |
|
Herman, R., Dawson, P., Dee, T., Greene, J., Maynard, R., Redding, S. (2008). Turning around chronically low performing schools. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Ingersoll, R. M. (2001). Teacher turnover and teacher shortages: An organizational analysis. American Educational Research Journal, 38, 499-534. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Jacob, A., Vidyarthi, E., Carroll, K. (2012). The irreplaceables: Understanding the real retention crisis in America’s urban schools. Brooklyn, NY: The New Teacher Project. Google Scholar | |
|
Jambulapati, P. (2011). A portrait of school improvement grantees. Washington, DC: Education Sector. Google Scholar | |
|
Keigher, A., Cross, F. (2010). Teacher attrition and mobility: Results from the 2008-09 Teacher Follow-Up Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Google Scholar | |
|
Kirby, S. N., Berends, M., Naftel, S. (1999). Supply and demand of minority teachers in Texas: Problems and prospects. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 21, 47-66. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Kirby, S. N., Grissmer, D. W. (1991). Sources of teacher supply: Some new evidence from Indiana. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 13, 256-268. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Kirshner, B., Pozzoboni, K. (2011). Student interpretations of a school closure: Implications for student voice in equity-based school reform. Teachers College Record, 113, 1633-1667. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Labaree, D. F. (2012). Someone has to fail: The zero-sum game of public schooling. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Lankford, M., Loeb, S., Wyckoff, J. (2002). Teacher sorting and the plight of urban schools: A descriptive analysis. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 24, 37-62. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lazzeretti, L. (2006). Density dependent dynamics in the Arezzo jewellery district (1947-2001): Focus on foundings. European Planning Studies, 14, 432-458. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Leithwood, K., Jantzi, D. (1999). The relative effects of principal and teacher sources of leadership on student engagement with school. Educational Administration Quarterly, 35, 679-706. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lowery, D., Gray, V., Kirkland, J., Harden, J. J. (2012). Generalist interest organizations and interest system density: A test of the competitive exclusion hypothesis. Social Science Quarterly, 93, 21-41. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
MacGregor, N., Madsen, T. L. (2013). Recovery following disruption to an ecosystem: The effects of the internet bust on community evolution. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20, 465-478. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Matthews, P., Sammons, P. (2005). Survival of the weakest: The differential improvement of schools causing concern in England. London Review of Education, 3, 159-176. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Maxwell, L. A. (2009, December 2). Stimulus rules on “turnarounds” shift: Stimulus guidelines changed for turning around schools. Education Week, 29(13), 1, 19. Google Scholar | |
|
Meyer, M. W., Zucker, L. G. (1989). Permanently failing organizations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
The Office for Standards in Education . (1997). From failure to success. London, England: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Orr, M. T., Berg, B., Shore, R., Meier, E. (2008). Putting the pieces together: Leadership for change in low-performing urban schools. Education and Urban Society, 40, 670-693. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Paino, M., Renzulli, L. A., Boylan, R. L., Bradley, C. L. (2014). For grades or money? Charter school failure in North Carolina. Educational Administration Quarterly, 50, 500-536. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Podgursky, M. J., Monroe, R., Watson, D. (2004). The academic quality of public school teachers: An analysis of entry and exit behavior. Economics of Education Review, 23, 507-518. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Podgursky, M. J., Springer, M. G. (2007). Teacher performance pay: A review. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 26, 909-949. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Renzulli, L. A. (2005). Organizational environments and the emergence of charter schools in the United States. Sociology of Education, 78, 1-26. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Renzulli, L. A., Barr, A. B., Paino, M. (2015). Innovative education? A test of specialist mimicry or generalist assimilation in trends in charter school specialization over time. Sociology of Education, 88, 83-102. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Renzulli, L. A., Roscigno, V. J. (2005). Charter school policy, implementation, and diffusion across the United States. Sociology of Education, 78, 344-365. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Ritchie, G. (2004). Quantifying the effects of teacher movements between schools in New Zealand: To schools that hath, shall be given. Journal of Educational Policy, 19 57-79. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Rowan, B. (2002). The ecology of school improvement: Notes on the school improvement industry in the United States. Journal of Educational Change, 3, 635-674. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Salimath, M. S., Jones, R. J. (2011). Population ecology theory: Implications for sustainability. Management Decision, 49, 874-910. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Sammons, P. (2007). School effectiveness and equity: Making connections: A review of school effectiveness and improvement research—Its implications for practitioners and policy makers. Berkshire, UK: CfBT Education Trust. Google Scholar | |
|
Seidel, T., Shavelson, R. J. (2007). Teaching effectiveness research in the past decade: The role of theory and research design in disentangling meta-analysis results. Review of Educational Research, 77, 454-499. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin. Google Scholar | |
|
Smith, T., Ingersoll, R. (2004). Reducing teacher turnover: What are the components of effective induction? American Educational Research Journal, 41, 687-714. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Stinebrickner, T. R. (2002). An analysis of occupational change and departure from the labor force: Evidence of the reasons that teachers leave. Journal of Human Resources, 37, 192-216. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Stronge, J. H., Ward, T. J., Grant, L. W. (2011). What makes good teachers good? A cross-case analysis of the connection between teacher effectiveness and student achievement. Journal of Teacher Education, 62, 339-355. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Stuit, D. A. (2012). Turnaround and closure rates in the charter and district sectors. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 17, 40-54. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Talay, M. B., Calantone, R. J., Voorhees, C. M. (2014). Coevolutionary dynamics of automotive competition: Product innovation, change, and marketplace survival. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31, 61-78. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Teddlie, C., Reynolds, D. (2000). The international handbook of school effectiveness research. London, England: Falmer Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Wholey, D. R., Brittain, J. W. (1986). Organizational ecology: Findings and implications. Academy of Management Review, 11, 513-533. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Young, R. C. (1988). Is population ecology a useful paradigm for the study of organizations? American Journal of Sociology, 94, 1-24. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |

