![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
Living doubled-up is a form of homelessness that can go undetected by schools, yet the toll it takes on the lives of students is significant. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to determine how students who live in doubled-up homeless families differ from low-income students who live in permanent housing with regard to demographics, academics, and behavior problems. The study used records from a Northern California school district and a nonexperimental research design to determine how student homelessness predicts various school-related outcomes. Results indicated that doubled-up homeless students earned significantly lower grade point averages (GPAs) and were less likely to graduate on time than students in permanent housing. Doubled-up homeless students were also more likely to have truancy problems. Previous research has mainly focused on more visible forms of student homelessness (e.g., living in shelters, cars, or hotels). Given that this group has been largely avoided by research, our study suggests that this group warrants consideration. School districts need to identify students living in doubled-up families and seek ways to improve their academic experiences.
Keywords homeless, doubled-up, equity, McKinney-Vento
References
Section:
|
Anyon, Y., Jenson, J. M., Altschul, I., Farrar, J., McQueen, J., Greer, E., … Simmons, J. (2014). The persistent effect of race and the promise of alternatives to suspension in school discipline outcomes. Children and Youth Services Review, 44, 379-386. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.06.025 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ascher, C., Phenix, D. (2006). Delivering educational services to students experiencing homelessness: The challenges and successes of New York State LEA liaisons. New York, NY: Institute for Education and Social Policy. Google Scholar | |
|
Aviles de Bradley, A. M. (2011). Unaccompanied homeless youth: Intersections of homelessness, school experiences and educational policy. Child & Youth Services, 32, 155-172. doi:10.1080/0145935X.2011.583176 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bassuk, E. L. (2010). Ending child homelessness in America. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80, 496-504. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Bassuk, E. L., DeCandia, C. J., Beach, C. A., Berman, F. (2014). America’s youngest outcasts: A report card on child homelessness. Waltham, MA: The National Center on Family Homelessness at American Institutes for Research. Google Scholar | |
|
Bickel, R. (2014). Educational experiences of hidden homeless youth: Living doubled-up. Teachers College Record, ID number: 17485. Google Scholar | |
|
Bolland, J. M., McCallum, D. M. (2002). Touched by homelessness: An examination of hospitality for the down and out. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 116-118. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Bring Los Angeles Home . (2004). Homelessness in Los Angeles: A summary of recent research. Los Angeles, CA: Institute for the Study of Homelessness and Poverty. Google Scholar | |
|
Buckner, J. C. (2014). The why and the who of family homelessness. In Haskett, M. E., Perlman, S., Cowan, B. A. (Eds.), Supporting families experiencing homelessness: Current practices and future directions (pp. 3-22). New York, NY: Springer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Cardenas, Z. L. (2005). Toxic playground: Growing up in Skid Row. Los Angeles, CA: United Coalition East Prevention Project. Google Scholar | |
|
Cauce, A. M., Paradise, M., Ginzler, J. A., Embry, L., Morgan, C. J., Lohr, Y., Theofelis, J. (2000). The characteristics and mental health of homeless adolescents: Age and gender differences. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 8, 230-239. doi:10.1177/106342660000800403 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Center for Responsible Lending . (2010). Snapshot of a foreclosure crisis. Durham, NC: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Cunningham, M., Harwood, R., Hall, S. (2010). Residential instability and the McKinney-Vento Homeless Children and Education Program: What we know, plus gaps in research. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Google Scholar | |
|
Cutuli, J. J., Desjardins, C. D., Herbers, J. E., Long, J. D., Heistad, D., Chan, C., … Masten, A. S. (2013). Academic achievement trajectories of homeless and highly mobile students: Resilience in the context of chronic and acute risk. Child Development, 84, 841-857. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Dworsky, A. (2008). Educating homeless children in Chicago: A case study of children in the family regeneration program. Chicago, IL: Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago. Google Scholar | |
|
Dyrness, G. R., Spoto, P., Thompson, M. (2003). Crisis on the streets: Homeless women and children in Los Angeles. Los Angeles: Center for Religion and Civic Culture, University of Southern California. Google Scholar | |
|
Erlenbusch, B., O’Conner, K., Downing, S., Phillips, S. W. (2008). Foreclosure to homelessness: The forgotten victims of the subprime crisis. Washington, DC: National Coalition for the Homeless. Google Scholar | |
|
Eyrich-Garg, K. M., Cacciola, J. S., Carise, D., Lynch, K. G., Thomas McLellan, A. (2008). Individual characteristics of the literally homeless, marginally housed, and impoverished in a US substance abuse treatment-seeking sample. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 831-842. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Eysenck, M., Calvo, M. (1992). Anxiety and performance: The processing efficiency theory. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 409-434. doi:10.1080/02699939208409696 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Freeman, L., Hamilton, D. (2008). A count of homeless youth in New York City. New York, NY: Empire State Coalition of Youth and Family Services. Google Scholar | |
|
Grim, E. C., Gultekin, L. E., Brush, B. L. (2015). Do policies aimed toward the homeless help families? The Detroit experience. Journal of Policy Practice, 14, 1-13. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hallett, R. E. (2012a). Educational experiences of hidden homeless teenagers: Living doubled-up. New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Hallett, R. E. (2012b). Living doubled-up: Diverse environments and educational outcomes. Education and Urban Society, 44, 371-391. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Hallett, R. E., Skrla, L., Low, J. A. (2015). That is not what homeless is: A school district’s journey toward serving homeless, doubled-up, and economically displaced children and youth. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 28(6), 671-692. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hyman, S., Aubry, T., Klodawsky, F. (2011). Resilient educational outcomes: Participation in school by youth with histories of homelessness. Youth & Society, 43, 253-273. doi:10.1177/0044118X10365354 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Julianelle, P. F., Foscarinis, M. (2003). Responding to the school mobility of children and youth experiencing homelessness: The McKinney-Vento Act and beyond. The Journal of Negro Education, 72, 39-54. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kearney, C. A. (2008). School absenteeism and school refusal behavior in youth: A contemporary review. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 451-471. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.012 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Lindsey, E. W., Kurtz, P. D., Jarvis, S., Williams, N. R., Nackerud, L. (2000). How runaway and homeless youth navigate troubled waters: Personal strengths and resources. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 17, 115-140. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Miller, P. M. (2012). Educating (more and more) students experiencing homelessness: An analysis of recession-era policy and practice. Educational Policy, 27, 805-835. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Muthén, L. K., Muthén, B. O. (1998-2010). Mplus user’s guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Muthén, L.K., Muthén, B.O. (2010). Mplus 6.12 [Statistical program]. Los Angeles, CA: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
National Alliance to End Homelessness . (2006). Fundamental issues to prevent and end youth homelessness (Youth Homelessness Series, Brief No. 1). Washington, DC: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
National Center for Homeless Education . (2007). Education for homeless children and youth program: Analysis of 2005-2006 federal data collection and three-year comparison. Greensboro, NC: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
National Center for Homeless Education . (2014a). Education for homeless children and youth consolidated state performance report. Greensboro, NC: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
National Center for Homeless Education . (2014b). Education for homeless children and youth program: Data collection summary. Greensboro, NC: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
National Law Center on Homelessness & Poverty . (2014). No safe place: The criminalization of homelessness in U.S. cities. Washington, DC: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Obradović, J., Long, J. D., Cutuli, J. J., Chan, C., Hinz, E., Heistad, D., Masten, A. (2009). Academic achievement of homeless and highly mobile children in an urban school district: Longitudinal evidence on risk, growth, and resilience. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 493-518. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
O’Toole, T. P., Conde-Martel, A., Gibbon, J. L., Hanusa, B. H., Freyder, P. J., Fine, M. J. (2007). Where do people go when they first become homeless? A survey of homeless adults in the USA. Health and Social Care in the Community, 15, 446-453. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Pavlakis, A. E. (2014). Living and learning at the intersection: Student homelessness and complex policy environments. Urban Review, 46, 445-475. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Rafferty, Y., Shinn, M. (1991). The impact of homelessness on children. American Psychologist, 46, 1170-1179. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Raleigh-DuRoff, C. (2004). Factors that influence homeless adolescents to leave or stay living on the street. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 21, 561-572. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Rapport, M. D., Denney, C. B., Chung, K., Hustace, K. (2001). Internalizing behavior problems and scholastic achievement in children: Cognitive and behavioral pathways as mediators of outcome. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 536-551. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3004_10 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Rescoria, L., Parker, R., Stolley, P. (1991). Ability, achievement, and adjustment in homeless children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 210-220. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Rog, D. J., Buckner, J. C. (2007). Homeless families and children. Toward understanding homelessness: The 2007 National Symposium on Homelessness Research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Google Scholar | |
|
Rokach, A. (2005). Private lives in public places: Loneliness of the homeless. Social Indicators Research, 72, 99-114. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Sermons, M. W., Witte, P. (2011). State of homelessness in America: A research report on homelessness. Washington, DC: National Alliance to End Homelessness. Google Scholar | |
|
Thompson, S. J., Maguin, E., Pollio, D. E. (2003). National and regional differences among runaway youth using federally-funded crisis services. Journal of Social Service Research, 30(1), 1-17. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Thompson, S. J., Zittel-Palamara, K. M., Maccio, E. M. (2004). Runaway youth utilizing crisis shelter services: Predictors of presenting problems. Child & Youth Care Forum, 33, 387-403. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Tierney, W. G., Gupton, J. T., Hallett, R. E. (2008). Transition to adulthood for homeless adolescents. Los Angeles, CA: Center for Higher Education Policy Analysis. Google Scholar | |
|
Tierney, W. G., Hallett, R. E. (2012a). Homeless youth and educational policy: A case study of urban youth in a metropolitan area. In Yeakey, C. C. (Ed.), Living on the boundaries: Urban marginality in national and international contexts (pp. 49-78). Bristol, UK: Emerald. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Tierney, W. G., Hallett, R. E. (2012b). Social capital and homeless youth: Influence of residential instability on college access. Metropolitan Universities Journal, 22(3), 46-62. Google Scholar | |
|
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) . (2014). The 2014 point-in-time estimates of homelessness. The 2014 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress (Vol. 1). Washington, DC: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness . (2014). Family connection. Washington, DC: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Votta, E., Farrell, S. (2009). Predictors of psychological adjustment among homeless and housed female youth. Journal of the Canadian Academy Of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry/Journal de l’académie Canadienne de Psychiatrie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent, 18, 126-132. Google Scholar | Medline | |
|
Wilder Research Center . (2003). Homeless youth in Minnesota: Statewide survey of people without permanent shelter. Saint Paul, MN: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Wright, R. E. B., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A. (1998). Factors associated with doubled-up housing—A common precursor to homelessness. Social Service Review, 72, 92-111. Google Scholar | Crossref |
