The Elastic Deformation of Lubricated Carbon Fiber Bundles: Comparison of Theory and Experiments
Abstract
During typical composites manufacturing processes, fibers are deformed in ways that alter their processing characteristics (e.g., permeability, stresses and resin pressure, etc.) and their resulting microstructure (fiber volume fraction, void fraction, etc.). In this paper, we review all available data for the deformation behavior of lubricated carbon fiber bundles and compared it to a recently developed 3-D theory [15]. Most of the data, which is for transverse compression, exhibits very large scatter, but can be collapsed by shifting along the fiber volume fraction axis. It is hypothesized that the shifts represent different "states" for the fiber bundle, which can be represented in the model by a single variable, the available fiber volume fraction Va. It is then shown that all available aligned carbon fiber bundle data, including bulk compression, axial extension, and coupling be havior can be fit to the modified model by only adjusting Va. In one case (the coupling be havior), the available fiber volume fraction was directly measured. Observations on how the "state" of the fiber bundle can be modified by the processing conditions are included. On the basis of this analysis, a simple, practical test to determine Va is proposed.
Get full access to this article
View all access and purchase options for this article.
References
van Wyk, C.M. 1946. "Note on the Compressibility of Wool," Journal of Textile Institute, 37:T285-T292.
Treloar, L.R.G. 1956. "The Stress-Strain Properties of Multiply Cords, Part 1: Theory," Jourrral of Textile Institute, 56:T477-T488.
Hearle, J.W.S. 1969. "Theory of the Extension of Continuous Filament Yarns," Chapter 4 in Structural Mechanics of Fibers Yarns, and Fabrics, Vol. I, J. W. S. Hearle, P. Grosberg and S. Backer, eds., Wiley-Interscience, pp. 175-212.
De Jong, S., J.W. Snaith and N.A. Michie. 1986. "A Mechanical Model for the Compression of Woven Fabrics," Textile Research Journal, 56(December):759-767.
Carnaby, G.A. 1980. "The Compression of Fibrous Assemblies, with Applications to Yarn Mechanics," in Mechanics of Flexible Fiber Assemblies, J. W. S. Hearle, J. J. Thwaites and J. Amirbayat, eds., Sijthoff and Noordhoff: Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands, pp. 87-97.
Thwaites, J.J. 1980. "A Continuum Model for Yarn Mechanics," in Mechanics of Flexible Fiber Assemblies, J. W. S. Hearle, J. J. Thwaites and J. Amirbayat, eds., Sijthoff and Noordhoff : Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands, pp. 87-97.
Curiskis, J.I. and G.A. Carnaby. 1985. "Continuum Mechanics of the Fiber Bundle," Textile Research Journal, 55(June):334-344.
Gutowski, T.G., J. Kingery and D. Boucher. 1986. "Experiments in Composites Consolidation: Fiber Deformation," Proceedings of the Society of Plastic Engineers 44th Annual Technical Con-Jerence, Boston, May 1986, pp. 1316-1320.
Gutowski, T.G. 1985. "A Resin Flow/Fiber Deformation Model for Composites," SAMPE Quarterly (February).
Hou, T.H. 1986. "A Resin Flow Model for Composite Prepreg Laminate Process," Proceedings of the Society of Plastics Engineers 44th Annual Technical Conference, May 1986, Boston, pp. 1300-1305.
Campbell, F.C., A.R. Mallow, G.A. Blase and F.R. Muncaster. 1986. "Computer-Aided Curing of Composites," McDonnell Douglas. Corp., Eighth Quarterly Interim Technical Report to AFWAL, April 1986.
Batch, G.L. and C.W. Macosko. 1988. "A Model for Two-Stage Fiber Deformation in Composite Processing," 20th International SAMPE Technical Conference, September 27-29, 1988, p. 641.
Skartsis, L. and J.L. Kardos. 1990. "The Newtonian Permeability and Consolidation of Oriented Carbon Fiber Beds," Proceedings of American Society of Composites, p. 548.
Kim, Y.R., S. P. McCarthy and J.P. Fanucci. 1991. "Compressibility and Relaxation of Fiber Reinforcements during Composite Processing," Polymer Composites, 12(1):13-19.
Cai, Z. and T.G. Gutowski. 1992. "The 3-D Deformation Behavior of a Lubricated Fiber Bundle," Journal of Composite Materials, 26(8):1207-1237.
Gutowski. T.G., Z Cai, S. Bauer, D. Boucher, J. Kingery and S. Wineman. 1987. "Consolidation Experiments for Laminate Composites," Journal of Composite Materials, 21(July):650-669.
Cai, Z. 1986. "Molding Behavior of Composites," S. M. thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (June).
Kingery, J. 1985. "Composite Process Modeling: Consolidation of Aligned Fiber Assemblies," S. M. thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (June).
Fatur, S. 1990. "Consolidation Modeling of Thermoset Composites," S. M. thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (May).
Williams, J.G., T.M. Donnellan and R.E. Trabocco. 1986. " Experimental Verification of Naval Air Development Center Composite Resin Flow Model," Report NADC-86048-60, April 1986, Naval Air Development Center, Warminster, PA 18974-5000.
Cai, Z. 1990. "Simulation of the Manufacture of Closed Shape Composite Structures," Ph.D. thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.I.T. (April).
McAir, F.C. Campbell, A. R. Mallow and G.A. Blase. 1985. "Computer-Aided Curing of Composites," McDonnell Douglas Corp., Sixth Quarterly Interim Technical Report (October).
Macri, G. 1988. "The Consolidation Behavior and Transverse Fiber Stiffness Behavior of Unidirectional Fiber Composites," S. B. thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.I.T. (May).
Skartsis, L., B. Khomaini and J.L. Kardos. "Resin Flow through Fiber Beds during Composite Manufacturing Processes: Part II—Numerical and Experimental Studies of Newtonian Flow through Ideal and Actual Fiber Beds," submitted to Polymer Composites.
Cite article
Cite article
Cite article
OR
Download to reference manager
If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice
Information, rights and permissions
Information
Published In
Article first published: January 1992
Issue published: January 1992
Authors
Metrics and citations
Metrics
Journals metrics
This article was published in Journal of Composite Materials.
VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICSArticle usage*
Total views and downloads: 299
*Article usage tracking started in December 2016
Articles citing this one
Receive email alerts when this article is cited
Web of Science: 56 view articles Opens in new tab
Crossref: 62
- A model for the autoclave consolidation of prepregs during manufacturi...
- Flow-Induced Fibre Compaction in Resin-Injection Pultrusion
- A review on prediction and control of curing process-induced deformati...
- Novel measuring method for prepreg processability of oxide fiber ceram...
- An assessment on effect of process parameters on pull force during pul...
- Effect of the initial resin distribution in partially impregnated ther...
- Physical manufacturing: from the multidisciplinary perspective
- Influence of yarn hybridisation and fibre architecture on the compacti...
- Adaptive Real-Time Characterisation of Composite Precursors in Manufac...
- Lab-scale experimental analysis of the cyclic compaction-recovery char...
- Revising testing of composite precursors – A new framework for data ca...
- Predicting the compaction of hybrid multilayer woven composite reinfor...
- The use of X-ray computed tomography for design and process modeling o...
- Experimental study on the influence of cyclic compaction on the fiber-...
- Transient response predication of nickel coated carbon fiber composite...
- Experimental investigation of through-thickness resistivity of unidire...
- Compressibility measurement of composite reinforcements for flow simul...
- Digital element simulation of aligned tows during compaction validated...
- High fidelity modelling of the compression behaviour of 2D woven fabri...
- Experimental characterization of single ply out-of-plane permeability ...
- Analysis of the natural fiber reinforced polymer: composite fiber rods...
- The effect of matrix shear strength on the out-of-plane compressive st...
- An experimental investigation of the consolidation behaviour of uncure...
- Representative volume element for parallel fiber bundles: Model and si...
- Microscopic deformation mechanisms of unidirectional fiber bundles und...
- A 3D microstructure based resistor network model for the electrical re...
- Compaction behavior of continuous carbon fiber tows: an experimental a...
- An Evaluation of the Compression Response of High-Performance Prepregs...
- Analytical modeling of composite manufacturing by vacuum assisted infu...
- Transverse compression behavior of textile rovings: finite element sim...
- Experimental analysis of mold filling in vacuum assisted compression r...
- A Strategy to Support Design Processes for Fibre Reinforced Thermoset ...
- Evolution of manufacturing processes for fiber-reinforced thermoset ta...
- Through-thickness compression response of uncured prepreg during manuf...
- Transverse compression behavior of polyamide 6.6 rovings: Experimental...
- Electrochemical sensing based on printable temporary transfer tattoos
- Autoclave processing for composites
- Compression and permeability properties of multiaxial warp-knit prefor...
- Finite element modelling of fabric compression
- A simple method for the measurement of compaction and corresponding tr...
- A micromechanical compaction model for woven fabric preforms. Part I: ...
- Deformation Mechanisms of Dry Textile Preforms under Mixed Compressive...
- Compaction of fiber reinforcements
- Experimental and theoretical studies of fabric compaction behavior in ...
- Finite element modeling of the filament winding process
- A nonlinear compaction model for fibrous preforms
- A method for the direct measurement of the fibre bed compaction curve ...
- The effect of fiber volume fraction on filament wound composite pressu...
- Prepregging and Autoclaving of Thermoset Composites
- Liquid Molding of Thermoset Composites
- Impregnation and Consolidation Phenomena
- Compaction of woven-fabric preforms in liquid composite molding proces...
- Packing mechanics of fiber reinforcements
- A Review of Flow and Compaction Modelling Relevant to Thermoset Matrix...
- Modelling and simulation of flow, heat transfer and cure
- Model and experimental study of fiber motion in wet filament winding
- Notes on the Modeling of Preform Compaction: II-Effect of Sizing on Bu...
- Consolidation and relaxation behavior of continuous strand random glas...
- Notes on the Modeling of Preform Compaction: I -Micromechanics at the ...
- Process Modeling of Composite Structures Employing a Virtual Autoclave...
- Elastic Compression of a Fiber Network
- Survey of the setting down of a high modulus thread on a flexible core
Figures and tables
Figures & Media
Tables
View Options
Get access
Access options
If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:
loading institutional access options
IOM3 members can access this journal content using society membership credentials.
IOM3 members can access this journal content using society membership credentials.
Alternatively, view purchase options below:
Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.
Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.
