A Data-Driven Analysis of Sociocultural, Ecological, and Economic Correlates of Depression Across Nations
Abstract
The prevalence of depression varies widely across nations, but we do not yet understand what underlies this variation. Here we use estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study to analyze the correlates of depression across 195 countries and territories. We begin by identifying potential cross-correlates of depression using past clinical and cultural psychology literature. We then take a data-driven approach to modeling which factors correlate with depression in zero-order analyses, and in a multiple regression model that controls for covariation between factors. Our findings reveal several potential correlates of depression, including cultural individualism, daylight hours, divorce rate, and GDP per capita. Cultural individualism is the only factor that remains significant across all our models, even when adjusting for spatial autocorrelation, mental healthcare workers per capita, multicollinearity, and outliers. These findings shed light on how depression varies around the world, the sociocultural and environmental factors that underlie this variation, and potential future directions for the study of culture and mental illness.
Get full access to this article
View all access and purchase options for this article.
References
Alegria M. (2016). 38.3 effects of social context, culture, and minority status on depression and anxiety. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(10), S318–S318.
Ariapooran S, Heidari S, Asgari M, Ashtarian H, Khezeli M. (2018). Individualism-collectivism, social support, resilience and suicidal ideation among women with the experience of the death of a young person. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery, 6(3), 250–259.
Arrindell W. A., Steptoe A., Wardle J. (2003). Higher levels of state depression in masculine than in feminine nations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(7), 809–817.
Aydoğan S., Ünsal A., Arslantaş D. (2019). Evaluation of malnutrition and depression in elderly people: An epidemiological study in turkey. European Journal of Public Health, 29(44), ckz187.
Azibo D. A. y. (2013). Unmasking materialistic depression as a mental health problem: Its effect on depression and materialism in an African–United states undergraduate sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(2), 623–628.
Beugelsdijk S., Welzel C. (2018). Dimensions and dynamics of national culture: Synthesizing Hofstede with Inglehart. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(10), 1469–1505.
Botha F. B., Shamblaw A. L., Dozois D. J. (2017). Reducing the stigma of depression among Asian students: A social norm approach. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(1), 113–131.
Boudouda N. E., Gana K. (2020). Neuroticism, conscientiousness and extraversion interact to predict depression: A confirmation in a non-western culture. Personality and Individual Differences, 167, 110219.
Brody D. J., Pratt L. A. (2018). Prevalence of depression among adults aged 20 and over: United States, 2013–2016. National Center for Health Statistics.
Brougham D., Haar J. M. (2013). Collectivism, cultural identity and employee mental health: A study of New Zealand Māori. Social Indicators Research, 114(3), 1143–1160.
Cagliero D. (2020). Ethical implications of cultural barriers to the depression diagnosis: Conversations with primary care physicians. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 51(9), 683–701.
Campbell R. D., Mowbray O. (2016). The stigma of depression: Black American experiences. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 25(4), 253–269.
Céspedes Y. M., Huey S. J. (2008). Depression in latino adolescents: A cultural discrepancy perspective. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(2), 168–172.
Chen S. X., Chan W., Bond M. H., Stewart S. M. (2006). The effects of self-efficacy and relationship harmony on depression across cultures: Applying level-oriented and structure-oriented analyses. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37(6), 643–658.
Chow T. S., Wan H. Y. (2017). Is there any ‘Facebook Depression’? Exploring the moderating roles of neuroticism, facebook social comparison and envy. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 277–282.
Chun S., Jang S., Choi J., Shin J., Park E. (2016). Long-term effects of parental divorce timing on depression: A population-based longitudinal study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 62(7), 645–650.
Cohen A. B., Wu M. S., Miller J. (2016). Religion and culture: Individualism and collectivism in the East and West. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(9), 1236–1249.
Cruz J., White P. C. L., Bell A., Coventry P. A. (2020). Effect of extreme weather events on mental health: A narrative synthesis and meta-analysis for the UK. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 1–17.
Diener E., Suh E. M. (Eds.). (2003). Culture and subjective well-being. MIT Press.
Dominiak M., Swiecicki L., Rybakowski J. (2015). Psychiatric hospitalizations for affective disorders in warsaw, poland: Effect of season and intensity of sunlight. Psychiatry Research, 229(1–2), 287–294.
Dowrick C. (2013). Depression as a culture-bound syndrome: Implications for primary care. British Journal of General Practice, 63(610), 229–230.
Escribà-Folch A. (2013). Repression, political threats, and survival under autocracy. International Political Science Review, 34(5), 543–560.
Farhood L., Dimassi H., Strauss N. L. (2013). Understanding post-conflict mental health: Assessment of PTSD, depression, general health and life events in civilian population one year after the 2006 war in south Lebanon. Journal of Traumatic Stress Disorders & Treatment, 2(2), 1–8.
Fearon J. D. (2003). Ethnic and cultural diversity by country. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2), 195–222.
Fiscella K., Franks P. (2000). Individual income, income inequality, health, and mortality: What are the relationships? Health Services Research, 35(1 Pt 2), 307–318.
Gelfand M. J., Jackson J. C., Pan X., Nau D., Pieper D., Denison E., Wang M. (2021). The relationship between cultural tightness–looseness and COVID-19 cases and deaths: A global analysis (Vol. 5, pp. e135–e144). The Lancet Planetary Health.
Gelfand M. J., Raver J. L., Nishii L., Leslie L. M., Lun J., Lim B. C., Duan L., Almaliach A., Ang S., Arnadottir J., Aycan Z., Boehnke K., Boski P., Cabecinhas R., Chan D., Chhokar J., D’Amato A., Ferrer M., Fischlmayr I. C.,. . . Yamaguchi S. (2011). Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study. Science, 332(6033), 1100–1104.
Ghimire S., Baral B. K., Pokhrel B. R., Pokhrel A., Acharya A., Amatya D., Amatya P., Mishra S. R. (2018). Depression, malnutrition, and health-related quality of life among nepali older patients. BMC Geriatrics, 18(1), 191–191.
Gholizadeh L., Davidson P. M., Heydari M., Salamonson Y. (2014). Heart disease and depression: Is culture a factor? Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 25(3), 290–295.
Goodwin R., Plaza S. (2000). Perceived and received social support in two cultures: Collectivism and support among British and Spanish students. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17(2), 282–291.
Grossmann I., Varnum M. E. (2015). Social structure, infectious diseases, disasters, secularism, and cultural change in America. Psychological Science, 26(3), 311–324.
Haar J. M., Russo M., Suñe A., Ollier-Malaterre A. (2014). Outcomes of work–life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 361–373.
Haroz E. E., Bolton P., Gross A., Chan K. S., Michalopoulos L., Bass J. (2016). Depression symptoms across cultures: An IRT analysis of standard depression symptoms using data from eight countries. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(7), 981–991.
Harrington J. R., Boski P., Gelfand M. J. (2015). Culture and national well-being: Should societies emphasize freedom or constraint? PLoS One, 10(6), e0127173.
Hendin H. (1964). Suicide and Scandinavia. Gruve & Stratton.
Hofstede G., Hofstede G. J., Minkov M. (2005). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (Vol. 2). McGraw-Hill.
Hogan B. E., Linden W., Najarian B. (2002). Social support interventions: Do they work? Clinical Psychology Review, 22(3), 383–442.
Hovey J. D., Hurtado G., Morales L. R., Seligman L. D. (2014). Religion-based emotional social support mediates the relationship between intrinsic religiosity and mental health. Archives of Suicide Research, 18(4), 376–391.
Huibers M. J. H., de Graaf L. E., Peeters F. P. M. L., Arntz A. (2010). Does the weather make us sad? Meteorological determinants of mood and depression in the general population. Psychiatry Research, 180(2–3), 143–146.
Hunt M., Auriemma J., Cashaw A. C. (2003). Self-report bias and underreporting of depression on the BDI-II. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80(1), 26–30.
Interian A., Ang A., Gara M. A., Link B. G., Rodriguez M. A., Vega W. A. (2010). Stigma and depression treatment utilization among Latinos: Utility of four stigma measures. Psychiatric Services, 61(4), 373–379.
Jackson J., Watts J., List J. M., Drabble R., Lindquist K. (2021). From text to thought: How analyzing language can advance psychological science. Perspectives on Psychological Science.
James P., Hart J. E., Banay R. F., Laden F., Signorello L. B. (2017). Built environment and depression in low-income African Americans and whites. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52(1), 74–84.
John D. A., de Castro A. B., Martin D. P., Duran B., Takeuchi D. T. (2012). Does an immigrant health paradox exist among Asian Americans? Associations of nativity and occupational class with self-rated health and mental disorders. Social Science & Medicine, 75(12), 2085–2098.
Johnson L. R., Chin E. G., Kajumba M., Kizito S., Bangirana P. (2017). Views on depression from traditional healing and psychiatry clinics in Uganda: Perspectives from patients and their providers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(2), 243–261.
Kalibatseva Z., Leong F. T. L. (2018). Cultural factors, depressive and somatic symptoms among Chinese American and European American college students. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(10), 1556–1572.
Kasof J. (2009). Cultural variation in seasonal depression: Cross-national differences in winter versus summer patterns of seasonal affective disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 115(1–2), 79–86.
Kessler R. C., Birnbaum H. G., Shahly V., Bromet E., Hwang I., McLaughlin K. A., Sampson N., Andrade L. H., de Girolamo G., Demyttenaere K., Haro J. M., Karam A. N., Kostyuchenko S., Kovess V., Lara C., Levinson D., Matschinger H., Nakane Y., Browne M. O.,. . . Stein D. J. (2010). Age differences in the prevalence and co-morbidity of DSM-IV major depressive episodes: Results from the WHO World Mental Health survey initiative. Depression and Anxiety, 27(4), 351–364.
Kessler R. C., Bromet E. J. (2013). The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Annual Review of Public Health, 34(1), 119–138.
Kim S., Jeong W., Jang B. N., Park E. C., Jang S. I. (2021). Associations between substandard housing and depression: Insights from the Korea welfare panel study. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 12–12.
Kim S. Y., Bang M., Wee J. H., Min C., Yoo D. M., Han S. M., Kim S., Choi H. G. (2021). Short- and long-term exposure to air pollution and lack of sunlight are associated with an increased risk of depression: A nested case-control study using meteorological data and national sample cohort data. The Science of the Total Environment, 757, 143960–143960.
Kirby K. R., Gray R. D., Greenhill S. J., Jordan F. M., Gomes-Ng S., Bibiko H. J., Blasi D. E., Botero C. A., Bowern C., Ember C. R., Leehr D., Low B. S., McCarter J., Divale W., Gavin M. C. (2016). D-PLACE: A global database of cultural, linguistic and environmental diversity. PLoS One, 11(7), e0158391.
Kirmayer L. J., Gomez-Carrillo A., Veissière S. (2017). Culture and depression in global mental health: An ecosocial approach to the phenomenology of psychiatric disorders. Social Science & Medicine, 183, 163–168.
Kleinman A. (2004). Culture and depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(10), 951–953.
Kohrt B. A., Speckman R. A., Kunz R. D., Baldwin J. L., Upadhaya N., Acharya N. R., Sharma V. D., Nepal M. K., Worthman C. M. (2009). Culture in psychiatric epidemiology: Using ethnography and multiple mediator models to assess the relationship of caste with depression and anxiety in nepal. Annals of Human Biology, 36(3), 261–280.
Krendl A. C., Pescosolido B. A. (2020). Countries and cultural differences in the stigma of mental illness: The east–west divide. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 51(2), 149–167.
Lehti A., Hammarström A., Mattsson B. (2009). Recognition of depression in people of different cultures: A qualitative study. BMC Family Practice, 10(1), 53–53.
Levinson D., Lakoma M. D., Petukhova M., Schoenbaum M., Zaslavsky A. M., Angermeyer M., Borges G., Bruffaerts R., de Girolamo G., de Graaf R., Gureje O., Haro J. M., Hu C., Karam A. N., Kawakami N., Lee S., Lepine J. P., Browne M. O., Okoliyski M. . . ., Kessler R. C. (2010). Associations of serious mental illness with earnings: Results from the WHO World mental health surveys. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(2), 114–121.
Lieberman E. S. (2007). Ethnic politics, risk, and policy-making. Comparative Political Studies, 40(12), 1407–1432.
Lin H., Guo Y., Kowal P., Airhihenbuwa C. O., Di Q., Zheng Y., Zhao X., Vaughn M. G., Howard S., Schootman M., Salinas-Rodriguez A., Yawson A. E., Arokiasamy P., Manrique-Espinoza B. S., Biritwum R. B., Rule S. P., Minicuci N., Naidoo N., Chatterji S.,. . . Wu F. (2017). Exposure to air pollution and tobacco smoking and their combined effects on depression in six low- and middle-income countries. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 211(3), 157–162.
Liu Q., He H., Yang J., Feng X., Zhao F., Lyu J. (2020). Changes in the global burden of depression from 1990 to 2017: Findings from the global burden of disease study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 126, 134–140.
Ljubičić Đ., Stipčević T., Pivac N., Jakovljević M., Mück-šeler D. (2007). The influence of daylight exposure on platelet 5-HT levels in patients with major depression and schizophrenia. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology, 89(2–3), 63–69.
Lloyd C. E., Roy T., Nouwen A., Chauhan A. M. (2012). Epidemiology of depression in diabetes: International and cross-cultural issues. Journal of Affective Disorders, 142 Suppl, S22–S29.
Lumley M., Katsikitis M., Statham D. (2018). Depression, anxiety, and acculturative stress among resettled Bhutanese refugees in Australia. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(8), 1269–1282.
Manson S. M. (1995). Culture and major depression. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18(3), 487–501.
Marcus M., Yasamy T. Y., Ommeren M., Chisholm D., Saxena S. (2012). Depression: A global health concern. In depression: A global crisis (pp. 6–8). World Federation for Mental Health.
Markides K. S., Rote S., Scott R. A., Buchmann M. C. (2015). Immigrant health paradox. In Scott R. A., Buchmann M. C. (Eds.), Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences: An interdisciplinary, searchable, and linkable resource (pp. 1–15). John Wiley and Sons.
Mendenhall E. (2016). Beyond comorbidity: A critical perspective of syndemic depression and diabetes in cross-cultural contexts. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 30(4), 462–478.
Miller K. E., Rasmussen A. (2010). War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: Bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks. Social Science & Medicine, 70(1), 7–16.
Minkov M., Bond M. H. (2017). A genetic component to national differences in happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(2), 321–340.
Minkov M., Dutt P., Schachner M., Morales O., Sanchez C., Jandosova J., Khassenbekov Y., Mudd B. (2017). A revision of Hofstede’s individualism-collectivism dimension. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 24, 386–404.
Minkov M., Kaasa A. (2021). A test of Hofstede’s model of culture following his own approach. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 28, 384–406. https://doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-05-2020-0120
Molin J., Mellerup E., Bolwig T., Scheike T., Dam H. (1996). The influence of climate on development of winter depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 37(2–3), 151–155.
Moxey A., McEvoy M., Bowe S., Attia J. (2011). Spirituality, religion, social support and health among older Australian adults. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 30(2), 82–88.
Murray C. J., Lopez A. D. (1997). Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global burden of disease study. Lancet, 349(9063), 1436–1442.
Murray D. R., Schaller M. (2010). Historical prevalence of infectious diseases within 230 geopolitical regions: A tool for investigating origins of culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41(1), 99–108.
Nsubuga F., Luzze H., Ampeire I., Kasasa S., Toliva O. B., Riolexus A. A. (2018). Factors that affect immunization data quality in Kabarole district, Uganda. PLoS One, 13(9), e0203747.
O’Farrell D. L., Baynes K., Pontes H. M., Griffiths M. D., Stavropoulos V. (2020). Depression and disordered gaming: Does culture matter? International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00231-1
Oei T. P., Sawang S., Goh Y. W., Mukhtar F. (2013). Using the depression anxiety stress scale 21 (DASS-21) across cultures. International Journal of Psychology, 48(6), 1018–1029.
Pabayo R., Kawachi I., Gilman S. E. (2014). Income inequality among American states and the incidence of major depression. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 68(2), 110–115.
Parker G., Gladstone G., Chee K. T. (2001). Depression in the planet’s largest ethnic group: The chinese. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(6), 857–864.
Park J., Lee D. S., Shablack H., Verduyn P., Deldin P., Ybarra O., Jonides J., Kross E. (2016). When perceptions defy reality: The relationships between depression and actual and perceived Facebook social support. Journal of Affective Disorders, 200, 37–44.
Park S., Hong K. E. M., Park E. J., Ha K. S., Yoo H. J. (2013). The association between problematic internet use and depression, suicidal ideation and bipolar disorder symptoms in Korean adolescents. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 47(2), 153–159.
Payne B. K., Brown-Iannuzzi J. L., Hannay J. W. (2017). Economic inequality increases risk taking. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(18), 4643–4648.
Renn B. N., Feliciano L., Segal D. L. (2011). The bidirectional relationship of depression and diabetes: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(8), 1239–1246.
Rosen L. N., Targum S. D., Terman M., Bryant M. J., Hoffman H., Kasper S. F., Hamovit J. R., Docherty J. P., Welch B., Rosenthal N. E. (1990). Prevalence of seasonal affective disorder at four latitudes. Psychiatry Research, 31(2), 131–144.
Sakyi K. S., Melchior M., Chollet A., Surkan P. J. (2012). The combined effects of parental divorce and parental history of depression on cannabis use in young adults in France. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 126(1–2), 195–199.
Salsman J. M., Brown T. L., Brechting E. H., Carlson C. R. (2005). The link between religion and spirituality and psychological adjustment: The mediating role of optimism and social support. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(4), 522–535.
Schomerus G., Matschinger H., Angermeyer M. C. (2009). The stigma of psychiatric treatment and help-seeking intentions for depression. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 259(5), 298–306.
Schwartz S. H. (2012). An overview of the Schwartz theory of basic values. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 2307–0919.
Shao J., Ge T., Liu Y., Zhao Z., Xia Y. (2021). Longitudinal associations between household solid fuel use and depression in middle-aged and older chinese population: A cohort study. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 209, 111833.
Shenassa E. D., Daskalakis C., Liebhaber A., Braubach M., Brown M. (2007). Dampness and mold in the home and depression: An examination of mold-related illness and perceived control of one’s home as possible depression pathways. American Journal of Public Health, 97(10), 1893–1899.
Smith P. B., Ahmad A. H., Owe E., Celikkol G. C., Ping H., Gavreliuc A., Chobthamkit P., Rizwan M., Chen S. X., Teh H. B., Vignoles V. L. (2016). Nation-level moderators of the extent to which self-efficacy and relationship harmony predict students’ depression and life satisfaction. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(6), 818–834.
Sperry L. (2010). Breast cancer, depression, culture, and marital conflict. Family Journal, 18(1), 62–65.
Srebotnjak T., Carr G., de Sherbinin A., Rickwood C. (2012). A global water quality index and hot-deck imputation of missing data. Ecological Indicators, 17, 108–119.
Stevens G. A., Alkema L., Black R. E., Boerma J. T., Collins G. S., Ezzati M., Grove J. T., Hogan D. R., Hogan M. C., Horton R., Lawn J. E., Marušić A., Mathers C. D., Murray C. J., Rudan I., Salomon J. A., Simpson P. J., Vos T., Welch V., & GATHER Working Group. (2016). Correction: Guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting: The GATHER statement. PLoS Medicine, 13(8), e1002116.
Tafarodi R. W., Smith A. J. (2001). Individualism–collectivism and depressive sensitivity to life events: The case of Malaysian sojourners. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25(1), 73–88.
Talhelm T., Zhang X., Oishi S., Shimin C., Duan D., Lan X., Kitayama S. (2014). Large-scale psychological differences within China explained by rice versus wheat agriculture. Science, 344(6184), 603–608.
Thabet A. A., Abed Y., Vostanis P. (2004). Comorbidity of PTSD and depression among refugee children during war conflict. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(3), 533–542.
Thornicroft G., Sartorius N. (1993). The course and outcome of depression in different cultures: 10-year follow-up of the WHO collaborative study on the assessment of depressive disorders. Psychological Medicine, 23(4), 1023–1032.
Triandis H. C. (1993). Collectivism and individualism as cultural syndromes. Cross-Cultural Research, 27(3–4), 155–180.
Vandello J. A., Cohen D. (1999). Patterns of individualism and collectivism across the United States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(2), 279–292.
Van de Vliert E. (2008). Climate, affluence, and culture. Cambridge University Press.
Wei J., Fan L., Zhang Y., Li S., Partridge J., Claytor L., Sulo S. (2018). Association between malnutrition and depression among community-dwelling older Chinese adults. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 30(2), 107–117.
Welzel C. (2013). Freedom rising: Human empowerment and the quest for emancipation. Cambridge University Press.
Wood A., Rychlowska M., Niedenthal P. M. (2016). Heterogeneity of long-history migration predicts emotion recognition accuracy. Emotion, 16(4), 413–420.
Xie Z., Lv X., Hu Y., Ma W., Xie H., Lin K., Yu X., Wang H. (2015). Development and validation of the geriatric depression inventory in chinese culture. International Psychogeriatrics, 27(9), 1505–1511.
Zisberg A. (2017). Anxiety and depression in older patients: The role of culture and acculturation. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16(1), 177–177.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material visualised and available to download via Figshare in the display box below. Where there are more than one item, you can scroll through each tab to see each separate item.
Please note all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is here associated with
Summary
Supplemental material for this article is available online.
Resources
File (sj-pdf-1-jcc-10.1177_00220221211040243.pdf)
- Download
- 299.90 KB
Cite article
Cite article
Cite article
OR
Download to reference manager
If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice
Information, rights and permissions
Information
Published In
Article first published online: September 1, 2021
Issue published: October-November 2021
Keywords
Authors
Metrics and citations
Metrics
Journals metrics
This article was published in Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology.
VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICSArticle usage*
Total views and downloads: 1416
*Article usage tracking started in December 2016
Articles citing this one
Receive email alerts when this article is cited
Web of Science: 6 view articles Opens in new tab
Crossref: 6
- Cultural collectivism, intimate partner violence, and women's mental h...
- Distinct Conceptions of Freedom in East Asia and the Protestant West U...
- Satisfaction With Life and Risk of Dementia: Findings From the Korean ...
- The Protective Effect of Culture on Depression During Covid-19 Pandemi...
- Exploring the Potential Relationship Between Global Greenness and DALY...
- Gender Equality and Maternal Burnout: A 40-Country Study
Figures and tables
Figures & Media
Tables
View Options
Get access
Access options
If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:
loading institutional access options
IACCP members can access this journal content using society membership credentials.
IACCP members can access this journal content using society membership credentials.
Alternatively, view purchase options below:
Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.
Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.
