Implementation of Response to Intervention: A Snapshot of Progress
Abstract
This article provides a snapshot of how all 50 states are progressing with the development and implementation of response-to-intervention (RtI) models 1 year after the final regulations for the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act were passed. Data were collected through a review of existing state department of education Web sites and conversations with representatives in each state department of education. Information related to RtI model type, implementation status, professional development, criteria for eligibility, and specific features of individual state RtI models are presented. Findings indicate that most states are in some phase of RtI development, although approaches vary widely throughout the country. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access and purchase options for this article.
References
Bender, W.N., & Shores, C. (2007). Response to intervention: A practical guide for every teacher. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Bradley, R., Danielson, L., & Doolittle, J. (2005). Response to intervention: 1997. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 8-13.
Burke County Public Schools, NC. (2005). Problem solving model (PSM). Available at http://www.dpi.state.nc.us
Daly, E.J., Kupzyk, S., Bossard, M., Street, J., & Dymacek, R. (in press). Taking RtI "to scale": Developing and implementing a quality RtI process. Journal of Evidence-Based Practices.
Denton, C.A., Vaughn, S., & Fletcher, J.M. (2003). Bringing research-based practice in reading intervention to scale. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 18, 201-211.
Deshler, D.D., Mellard, D.F., Tollefson, J.M., & Byrd, S.E. (2005). Research topics in responsiveness to intervention: Introduction to the special series. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 483-484. Division for Learning Disabilities. (2007). Thinking about response to intervention and learning disabilities: A teacher's guide. Arlington, VA: Author.
Fletcher, J.M., Lyon, G.R., Barnes, M., Stuebing, K.K., Francis, D.J., Olson, R.K., et al. (2002). Classification of learning disabilities: An evidence-based evaluation. In R. Bradley, L. Danielson, & D. P. Hallahan (Eds.), Identification of learning disabilities: Research to practice (pp. 185-250). Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum.
Fuchs, D., Mock, D., Morgan, P.L., & Young, C.L. (2003). Responsiveness to intervention: Definition, evidence, and implications for the learning disabilities construct. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 18, 157-171.
Fuchs, L.S., & Fuchs, D. (2007). A model for implementing responsiveness to intervention . Teaching Exceptional Children, 39, 14-20.
Iowa Department of Education. (2007). Instructional decision making (IDM). Available at http//www.iowa.gov
Johnson, E., Mellard, D.F., & Byrd, S.E. (2005). Alternative models of learning disabilities identification: Considerations and initial conclusions. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 569-572.
Johnson, E., Mellard, D.F., Fuchs, D., & McKnight, M.A. (2006). Responsiveness to intervention (RTI): How to do it. Lawrence, KS: National Research Center on Learning Disabilities.
Kavale, K. (2005). Identifying specific learning disability: Is responsiveness to intervention the answer? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 553-562.
Marston, D. (2005). Tiers of intervention in responsiveness to intervention: Prevention outcomes and learning disabilities identification patterns. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 38, 539-544.
Mastropieri, M.A., & Scruggs, T.E. (2005). Feasibility and consequences of response to intervention: Examination of the issues and scientific evidence as a model for the identification of individuals with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 525-531.
Mercer, C.D., Jordan, L., Allsop, D.H., & Mercer, A.R. (1996). Learning disabilities definitions and criteria used by state education departments. Learning Disability Quarterly, 19, 217-232.
National Association of State Directors of Special Education. (2005). Response to intervention: Policy considerations and implementation. Alexandria, VA: Author. Available at http://www.5.nasdse.org
National Research Center on Learning Disabilities. (2007a). Core concepts of RTI. Retrieved January 10, 2008, from www.nrcld.org
National Research Center on Learning Disabilities. (2007b). Responsiveness to intervention in the SLD determination process [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.
Reschly, D.J. (2005). Learning disabilities identification: Primary intervention, secondary intervention, then what? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 510-515.
Reschly, D.J., & Hosp, J.L., (2004). State SLD policies and practices. Learning Disability Quarterly, 27, 197-213.
Semrud-Clikeman, M. (2005). Neuropsychological aspects for evaluating learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 563-568.
Vaughn, S., & Fuchs, L.S. (2003). Redefining learning disabilities as inadequate response to instruction: The promise and potential problems. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 18, 137-146.
Vaughn, S., Linan-Thompson, S., & Hickman, P. (2003). Response to treatment as a means of identifying students with reading/learning disabilities. Exceptional Children, 69, 391-409.
Cite article
Cite article
Cite article
OR
Download to reference manager
If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice
Information, rights and permissions
Information
Published In
Article first published online: November 5, 2008
Issue published: January/February 2009
Keywords
PubMed: 19103800
Authors
Metrics and citations
Metrics
Journals metrics
This article was published in Journal of Learning Disabilities.
VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICSArticle usage*
Total views and downloads: 5100
*Article usage tracking started in December 2016
Articles citing this one
Receive email alerts when this article is cited
Web of Science: 179 view articles Opens in new tab
Crossref: 183
- Comparison of screening methods for computer adaptive tests to predict...
- Using Video Modeling Via iPads to Teach Multiplication to Struggling L...
- An Evaluation of the Forecasting Accuracy of Two Trend Estimation Meth...
- Examination of a multitiered RtI-model for identifying and supporting ...
- Effects of a two-year literacy intervention from Kindergarten to Grade...
- Examining Interactions Across Instructional Tiers: Do Features of Tier...
- Don't wait to fail!
- Assessing the efficacy of a Tier 2 early intervention for transcriptio...
- Developing Students' Self-Regulation Skills Within and Outside Academi...
- Diagnosis and treatment of children and adolescents with autism and AD...
- Dynamic Assessment in an Inclusive Pre-K FLEX Program Within Universal...
- Simulating computerized adaptive testing in special education based on...
- Özel Öğrenme Güçlüğünde Erken Müdahale ve Erken Tanı: Müdahaleye Tepki...
- Teachers’ Changing Attitudes and Preferences around Inclusive Educatio...
- Helping School Psychologists and Districts Estimate the Cost of Adopti...
- Research to practice to research: Examining who, how, what, when, and ...
- Neuropsychology consultation to identify learning disorders in childre...
- The Scales for Assessing Emotional Disturbance–Third Edition: Reliabil...
- Integrating Interventions for Elementary Students Experiencing Co-Occu...
- Response to Intervention in first-grade writing instruction: a large-s...
- Multitiered Early Literacy Identification in 3-Year-Old Children in He...
- Opportunities to Enhance Children's Communication Development at Schoo...
- The Predicaments of Addressing Equity without Attending to Race and Ra...
- Variations in RTI Literacy Implementation in Grades 6-12: A National S...
- Capacity Building Pedagogy for Diverse Learners
- Applying Prereferral Models Before and After IDEA 2004: Where are We N...
- Shifting Prevalence Patterns for Special Educational Needs in the Era ...
- Making the Most of Tier 2 Intervention: What Decisions Are Made in Suc...
- Speech-Language Pathologist Involvement in Multi-Tiered System of Supp...
- Improving second language reading comprehension through reading strate...
- Preventing Disproportionality in Special Education With Culturally-Res...
- Tier 2 interventions within the RtI-model for developing students’ wor...
- Comparison of Reading Growth Among Students With Severe Reading Defici...
- A Snapshot of RTI Implementation a Decade Later: New Picture, Same Sto...
- Universal Screening Methods and Models: Diagnostic Accuracy of Reading...
- Living in Tier 2: educators’ perceptions of MTSS in urban schools
- Merging lesson study and response to intervention
- A School-Wide Attack on Reading Problems: Ways Secondary Teachers Can ...
- Exploring the Use of a Multiple-Gating Screening Process to Identify P...
- Teacher perceptions of implementation practices to support secondary s...
- Response to Intervention im inklusiven Leseunterricht
- Special Education Leadership and the Implementation of Response to Int...
- Leveraging Professional Development to Prepare General and Special Edu...
- Family Engagement and Tiered Approaches for Middle and Secondary Stude...
- Examining Dimensions of Treatment Intensity and Treatment Fidelity in ...
- Predicting School Suspension Risk from Eighth Through Tenth Grade Usin...
- An Examination of Interventionist Implementation Fidelity and Content ...
- Reading Rescue: A follow-up on effectiveness of an intervention for st...
- Forward-looking assessments that support students’ learning: A compara...
- Early identification and intervention for children with initial signs ...
- Response to intervention in high school mathematics: One school's impl...
- The Componential Model of Reading (CMR): Implications for Assessment a...
- An Overview of RTI in Grades 6–12
- Two‐step tier three interventions for children in grade three with low...
- Response to Intervention: A Summary of the Guidance State Departments ...
- Protocol for the systematic review of research on professional learnin...
- Upside–Down Response to Intervention: A Quasi–Experimental Study
- Evaluating Paraeducator-led Reading Interventions in Elementary School...
- Critical Incidents in the Scale-Up of State Multitiered Systems of Sup...
- Response to Intervention and the Law
- Critical Issues in the Understanding of Young Elementary School Studen...
- Response-To-Intervention in Finland and the United States: Mathematics...
- Response to Intervention: Lore v. Law
- Examining the Effects and Feasibility of a Teacher-Implemented Tier 1 ...
- Including College and Career Readiness Within a Multitiered Systems of...
- Predicting Response to Treatment in a Tier 2 Supplemental Vocabulary I...
- Using Small-Group Instruction to Improve Students' Reading Fluency: An...
- Combined Modality Intervention for ADHD With Comorbid Reading Disorder...
- Emotional Challenges Faced by L2 Teachers When Teaching and Assessing ...
- The Assessment of ADHD in Persons with Developmental Disabilities
- How the Commitment to Inclusion Has Highlighted the Need for Greater C...
- Capacity Building Pedagogy for Diverse Learners
- Identifying Head Start Children for Higher Tiers of Language and Liter...
- Chapter 4. Reading comprehension in the early years
- Response to Intervention: Instructional Challenges for Teachers in Hig...
- Tier 2 response to intervention in secondary mathematics education
- Visual Analysis Among Novices: Training and Trend Lines as Graphic Aid...
- Prompting All Students to Learn: Examining Dynamic Assessment of Speci...
- Toward an Acceptable Definition of Emotional Disturbance: Waiting for ...
- Special Education Leadership and the Implementation of Response to Int...
- Efficacy of a Supplemental Phonemic Awareness Curriculum to Instruct P...
- Intersections of Accountability and Special Education: The Social Just...
- RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ONGOING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATORS’ ...
- Embedded Instruction Improves Vocabulary Learning During Automated Sto...
- Individual-Level Risk Factors of Incarcerated Youth
- Implementing Response to Intervention: Challenges of Diversity and Sys...
- Measuring Educators’ Perceptions of Their Skills Relative to Response ...
- Special Education Policy and Response to Intervention: Identifying Pro...
- Evaluating the Use of RTI to Identify SLD: A Survey of State Policy, P...
- The Many Faces of Special Education Within RTI Frameworks in the Unite...
- The Use of Response to Intervention in Early Childhood
- “It Starts Out with Little Things”: An Exploration of Urban Adolescent...
- Prevention and Response to Intervention: Past, Present, and Future
- Tier 3 Primary Grade Reading Interventions: Can We Distinguish Necessa...
- Centering Students in School-Based Support Processes: Critical Inquiri...
- Understanding Practitioner Perceptions of Responsiveness to Interventi...
- Addressing the Missing Instructional Data Problem...
- The Next Big Idea: A Framework for Integrated Academic and Behavioral ...
- All Means All...
- School-based RTI: A Case Study of P Elementary School in the Midwest U...
- Psycho-Educational Assessment of Specific Learning Disabilities: Views...
- Prediction and Stability of Reading Problems in Middle Childhood
- General Education Pre-Service Teachers’ Levels of Concern on Response ...
- Response to Intervention Preparation for Preservice Teachers...
- Ten Years of Response to Intervention: Implications for General Educat...
- Discrepancies, Responses, and Patterns: Selecting a Method of Assessme...
- Reading Achievement of English Learners Who Participated in the Respon...
- Children and Adolescents with Disabilities
- Effects of automated Tier 2 storybook intervention on vocabulary and c...
- Response to Intervention at the Secondary Education Level
- The Center for Response to Intervention in Early Childhood...
- Assessing School-Level RTI Implementation for Reading...
- Understanding Inadequate Response to First-Grade Multi-Tier Interventi...
- State Policy and Guidance for Identifying Learning Disabilities in Cul...
- Barriers and Benefits to Response to Intervention: Perceptions of Spec...
- Effects of a Tier 3 Phonological Awareness Intervention on Preschooler...
- THE RELIABILITY AND USER-FEASIBILITY OF MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES FOR M...
- Professional Development to Increase Problem-solving Skills in a Respo...
- Frameworks for Response to Intervention in Early Childhood...
- Response to Intervention and Dynamic Assessment: Implementing Systemat...
- Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Tier 2 Reading Instruction for Firs...
- Teaching to address diverse learning needs: development and validation...
- Is it possible to get away from disability-based classifications in ed...
- Specific Learning Disability and Response to Intervention: State-Level...
- How Do Wii Know: Anecdotal Records Go Digi...
- Response-to-intervention (RTI) as a model to facilitate inclusion for ...
- Special Education Policy, Response to Intervention, and the Socializat...
- Interventions for Learning Disabilities...
- Revisiting Discrepancy Theory in Learning Disabilities: What Went Wron...
- Is a Response to Intervention (RTI) Approach to Preschool Language and...
- Training for Generalization and Maintenance in RtI Implementation: Fro...
- QRAC-the-Code
- PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE ISSUES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONIN...
- Curriculum-Based Measurement: A Brief History of Nearly Everything fro...
- Discourse Practices in Inclusive Elementary Mathematics Classrooms
- Identifying Best Practice in a Shifting Landscape: Making Sense of RTI...
- Considering Identification and Service Provision for Students with Aut...
- Inclusion and Learning Disabilities: Will the Past be Prologue?
- Teacher Preparation for Student Diversity and Disabilities: Changing R...
- Identification of Learning Disabilities...
- The Proposed Changes for DSM-5 for SLD and ADHD...
- Effects of an Automated Vocabulary and Comprehension Intervention...
- Aligning Transition Services With Secondary Education Reform...
- Pharmacological dosage concepts: How useful are they for educators and...
- Componential Model of Reading (CMR): Validation Studies
- The Theil–Sen Slope for High-Stakes Decisions from Progress Monitoring
- Navigating the Measurement and Monitoring Maze
- Response to Intervention for Reading Difficulties in the Primary Grade...
- Smart RTI: A Next-Generation Approach to Multilevel Prevention
- Dimensional Integration of Assessment Outcomes With Intervention Servi...
- Integrating multi‐tiered measurement outcomes for special education el...
- Response to Intervention in Secondary Schools...
- Reading instruction in tier 1: Bridging the gaps by nesting evidence‐b...
- Response to Intervention (RTI) Services: An Ecobehavioral Perspective
- A Case Analysis of an Elementary School's Implementation of Response t...
- Using Curriculum-Based Measurement for Beginning Writers Within a Resp...
- Response to Intervention: A Socio-cultural Perspective of the Problems...
- Two-Stage Screening for Math Problem-Solving Difficulty Using Dynamic ...
- An Experimental Study of Scheduling and Duration of “Tier 2” First-Gra...
- Program-Level Influences on the Measurement of Early Communication for...
- Identification of Reading Problems in First Grade Within a Response-to...
- An Exploration of Teacher Acceptability of Treatment Plan Implementati...
- Response to Intervention: A Research-Based Summary
- Educating and Involving Parents in the Response to Intervention Proces...
- Extended Time Testing Accommodations for Students With Disabilities...
- Conceptualizing RTI in 21st-Century Secondary Science Classrooms: Vide...
- State Laws and Guidelines for Implementing RTI
- Critical Issues in Response-To-Intervention, Comprehensive Evaluation,...
- The Insufficiency of Response to Intervention in Identifying Gifted St...
- Defining Dyslexia
- Why intensive interventions are necessary for students with severe rea...
- The “Blurring” of Special Education in a New Continuum of General Educ...
- Chapter 8 Labeling of students with disabilities: Unwanted and not nee...
- State Laws for RTI: An Updated Snapshot
- The prevention science of reading research within a Response‐to‐Interv...
- Obscuring Vital Distinctions: The Oversimplification of Learning Disab...
- What Special Education Directors Say about RTI
- Responsiveness to Intervention: Multilevel Assessment and Instruction ...
- Teacher and Preservice Teacher Training for the Successful Introductio...
- Crossing Boundaries and Initiating Conversations About RTI: Understand...
- Brief experimental analysis of early reading interventions
- Response to Intervention at the Secondary Education Level
- Leveraging Professional Development to Prepare General and Special Edu...
Figures and tables
Figures & Media
Tables
View Options
Get access
Access options
If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:
loading institutional access options
Alternatively, view purchase options below:
Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.
Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.
