![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
We consider the problem of the visualization of life courses represented as sequences. We describe the state of the art and introduce new plots which improve the graphical display of sequences unveiling their most salient features. Our proposal is based upon the application of smoothing techniques, reducing if not completely removing individual noises. The advantages of our plots are illustrated using data from the Panel study of Social Integration in the Netherlands.
References
|
Aassve, A., Billari, F. C., Piccarreta, R. 2007. “Strings of Adulthood: A Sequence Analysis of Young British Women’s Work-Family Trajectories.” European Journal of Population 23:369-88. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Abbott, A. 1995. “Sequence Analysis: New Methods for Old Ideas.” Annual Review of Sociology 21:93-113. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Abbott, A., Hrychak, A. 1990. “Measuring Resemblance in Sequence Data: An Optimal Matching Analysis of Musicians’ Careers.” American Journal of Sociology 96:144-85. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Abbott, A., Tsay, A. 2000. “Sequence Analysis and Optimal Matching Methods in Sociology: Review and Prospect.” Sociological Methods & Research 29:3-33. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Aisenbrey, S., Fasang, A. E. 2010. “New Life for Old Ideas: The ‘Second Wave’ of Sequence Analysis. Bringing the ‘Course’ Back Into the Life Course.” Sociological Methods & Research 38:420-62. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Anyadike-Danes, M., McVicar, D. 2010. “My Brilliant Career: Characterizing the Early Labor Market Trajectories of British Women from Generation X.” Sociological Methods & Research 38:482-512. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Boj, E., Delicado, P., Fortiana, J. 2010. “Distance-based Local Linear Regression for Functional Predictors.” Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 54:429-37. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Borg, I., Groenen, P. 1997. Modern Multidimensional Scaling. Theory and Applications. New York: Springer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Brzinsky-Fay, C. 2007. “Lost in Transition? Labour Market Entry Sequences of School Leavers in Europe.” European Sociological Review 23:409-22. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Brzinsky-Fay, C., Kohler, U., Luniak, M. 2006. “Sequence Analysis with STATA.” Stata Journal 6:435-60. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Chan, T. W. 1994. Tracing Typical Mobility Paths. Oxford, England: Ms Nuffield Coll. Google Scholar | |
|
Elzinga, C. H. 2003. “Sequence Similarity: A Nonaligning Technique.” Sociological Methods & Research 32:3-29. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Elzinga, C. H. 2006. “Sequence Analysis: Metric Representation of Categorical Time Series.” (http://home.fsw.vu.nl/ch.elzinga/). Google Scholar | |
|
Everitt, B. S., Landau, S., Leese, M. 2009. Cluster Analysis. 4th ed. New York: Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Friedman, J. H. 1984. A Variable Span Smoother. Department of Statistics Technical Report LCS 05, Stanford University. Google Scholar | |
|
Gabadinho, A., Ritschard, G., Studer, M., Müller, N. S. 2009. “Mining Sequence Data in R with the TraMineR Package: A User’s Guide.” Technical Report, Department of Econometrics and Laboratory of Demography, University of Geneva, Geneva. (http://mephisto.unige.ch/traminer/). Google Scholar | |
|
Gauthier, J.-A., Widmer, E. D., Bucher, P., Notredame, C. 2009. “How Much Does It Cost? Optimization of Costs in Sequence Analysis of Social Science Data.” Sociological Methods & Research 38:197-231. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Halpin, B. 2003. “Tracks Through Time and Continuous Processes: Transitions, Sequences and Social Structure.” Mimeo, Conference paper for Frontiers in Social and Economic Mobility, March 2003, Cornell University. Google Scholar | |
|
Halpin, B. 2010. “Optimal Matching Analysis and Life-Course Data: The Importance of Duration.” Sociological Methods & Research 38:365-88. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Halpin, B., Chan, T. W. 1998. “Class Careers as Sequences: An Optimal Matching Analysis of Work-Life Histories.” European Sociological Review 14:111-30. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Härdle, W. 1992. Applied Nonparametric Regression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Hollister, M. 2009. “Is Optimal Matching Suboptimal?” Sociological Methods & Research 38:235-64. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Kaufman, L., Rousseeuw, P. J. 1990. Finding Groups in Data. New York: John Wiley. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kruskal, J. B. 1964. “Multidimensional Scaling by Optimizing Goodness-of-Fit to a Nonmetric Hypothesis.” Psychometrika 29:1-27. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kruskal, J. B., Wish, M. 1984. Multidimensional Scaling. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Lattin, J., Carroll, J. D., Green, P. E. 2003. Analyzing Multivariate Data. Toronto, Canada: Thomson Learning. Google Scholar | |
|
Lesnard, L. 2010. “Setting Cost in Optimal Matching to Uncover Contemporaneous Socio-Temporal Patterns.” Sociological Methods & Research 38:389-419 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Liefbroer, A. C., Kalmijn, M. 1997. “Panel Study of Social Integration in the Netherlands 1987-1995 (PSIN8795).” Codebook, ICS Occasional Papers and Documents Series (ICS Code Books-30). Utrecht, Netherlands: Interuniversity Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology. Google Scholar | |
|
Malo, M. A., Munoz-Bùlon, F. 2003. “Employment Status Mobility from a Life-cycle Perspective: A Sequence Analysis of Work-Histories in the BHPS.” Demographic Research 9:119-61. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
MacIndoe, H., Abbott, A. 2004. “Sequence Analysis and Optimal Matching Techniques for Social Science Data.” Pp. 387-406 in Handbook of Data Analysis, edited by Hardy, M. A., Bryman, A. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
McVicar, D., Anyadike-Danes, M. 2002. “Predicting Successful and Unsuccessful Transitions from School to Work by Using Sequence Methods.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Association, Series A 165:317-34. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Oh, M.-S., Raftery, A. E. 2001 “Bayesian Multidimensional Scaling and Choice of Dimension”. Journal of the American Statistical Association 96:1031-44. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Piccarreta, R., Billari, F. C. 2007. “Clustering Work and Family Trajectories using a Divisive Algorithm.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Association, Series A 170:1061-78. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Pollock, G. 2007. “Holistic Trajectories: a Study of Combined Employment, Housing and Family Careers by Using Multiple-Sequence Analysis.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Association, Series A 170:167-83. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
R Development Core Team . 2008. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. (http://www.R-project.org). Google Scholar | |
|
Rohwer, G., Pötter, U. 2004. TDA User’s manual. Bochum, Germany: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum. Google Scholar | |
|
Scherer, S. 2001. “Early Career Patterns: A Comparison between Great Britain and West Germany.” European Sociological Review 17:119-44. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Schoon, I., McCullough, A., Joshi, H., Wiggins, R., Bynner, J. 2001. “Transitions from School to Work in a Changing Social Context.” Young 9:4-22. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Sheikh, Y., Khan, E., Kanade, T. 2007. “Mode-seeking by Medoid Shifts.” Pp. 1-8 in ICCV 2007: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Vision. Washington, DC: IEEE Computer Society. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Shepard, R. N. 1962. “The Analysis of Proximities: Multidimensional Scaling with an Unknown Distance Function, II.” Psychometrika 27:219-46. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Stovel, K., Bolan, M. 2004. “Residential Trajectories: Using Optimal Alignment to Reveal the Structure of Residential Mobility.” Sociological Methods & Research 32:559-98. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Stovel, K., Savage, M., Bearman, P. 1996. “Ascription into Achievement.” American Journal of Sociology 102:358-99. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Torgerson, W. S. 1952. “Multidimensional Scaling: I. Theory and Method.” Psychometrika 17:401-9. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Torgerson, W. S. 1958. Theory and Methods of Scaling. New York, NY: John Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Wu, L. L. 2000. “Some Comments on ‘Sequence Analysis and Optimal Matching Methods in Sociology: Review and Prospect’.” Sociological Methods & Research 29:41-64. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI |
