The Importance of Ethical Environment to Organizational Performance in Employment at Will States

First Published April 16, 2015 Research Article

Authors

1
 
University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, USA
by this author
, 1
 
University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, USA
by this author
, 2
 
Victoria University of Wellington, School of Government, New Zealand
by this author
First Published Online: April 16, 2015

This article highlights the importance of ethical environment in enhancing organizational performance. It is vital that organizations set ethical standards for their employees alongside providing an environment that fosters trust and commitment, provides leadership, and creates a high quality of workforce to improve organizational performance. To study the impact of ethical environment on organizational performance, we employ elements from André de Waal’s high-performance organization (HPO) framework. Data for this study come from a national survey conducted in four states in the United States, which are classified as at-will employment states: Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Florida. We find evidence that ethical environment plays an important role in determining organizational performance. This is particularly important in the context of at-will employment, where state governments are facing the challenge to maintain employee commitment while improving organizational performance.

Amirkhanyan, A. A., Kim, H. J., Lambright, K. T. (2014). The performance puzzle: Understanding the factors influencing alternative dimensions and views of performance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 24, 1-34.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Andrews, R., Boyne, G. (2010). Capacity, leadership, and organizational performance: Testing the black box model of public management. Public Administration Review, 70, 443-454.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Andrews, R., Boyne, G., Enticott, G. (2006). Performance failure in the public sector: Misfortune or mismanagement? Public Management Review, 8, 273-296.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Andrews, R., Boyne, G., Law, J., Walker, R. (2005). External constraints on local service standards: The case of comprehensive performance assessment in English local government. Public Administration, 83, 639-656.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Andrews, R., Boyne, G., Walker, R. (2006). Strategy content and organizational performance: An empirical analysis. Public Administration Review, 66, 52-63.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Avolio, B. J. (2007). Promoting more integrative strategies for leadership theory-building. American Psychologist, 62, 25-33.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W., Bhatia, P. (2004). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 951-968.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Bartos, S. (2003). Creating and sustaining innovation. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 62(1), 09-14.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York, NY: Free Press.
Google Scholar
Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J. (Eds.). (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Google Scholar
Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I., Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 207-218.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Battaglio, R. P. (2010). Public service reform and motivation: Evidence from an employment at-will environment. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 30, 341-363.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Berman, E. M. (2006). Performance and productivity in public and nonprofit organizations. Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.
Google Scholar
Berman, E. M. (2013). Human Resource Management in the Asia-Pacific Region: Symposium Introduction. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 33(2), 115-120.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Berman, E. M., West, J. P. (1997). Managing ethics to improve performance and build trust. Public Integrity Annual, 2(1), 21-29.
Google Scholar
Berman, E. M., West, J. P. (1998). Productivity enhancement efforts in public and nonprofit organizations. Public Productivity & Management Review, 22, 207-219.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Boerner, S., Eisenbeiss, S., Griesser, D. (2007). Follower behavior and organizational performance: The impact of transformational leaders. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 13(3), 15-26.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Bohte, J., Meier, K. (2000). Goal displacement: Assessing the motivation for organizational cheating. Public Administration Review, 60, 173-182.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Bowman, J. B., Williams, R. L. (1997). Ethics in government: From a winter of despair to a spring of hope. Public Administration Review, 57, 517-526.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Bowman, J. S. (1990). Ethics in government: A national survey of public administrators. Public Administration Review, 50, 345-353.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Bowman, J. S., Gertz, M., Gertz, S., Williams, R. (2003). Civil service reform in Florida State government employee attitudes 1 year later. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 23, 286-304.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Bowman, J. S., Knox, C. C. (2008). Ethics in government: No matter how long and dark the night. Public Administration Review, 68, 627-639.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Bowman, J. S., West, J. P. (2006). Ending civil service protections in Florida government experiences in state agencies. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 26, 139-157.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Bowman, J. S., West, J. P. (2009). To “Re-Hatch” public employees or not? An ethical analysis of the relaxation of restrictions on political activities in civil service. Public Administration Review, 69, 52-63.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Boyne, G. A. (2003). Sources of public service improvement: A critical review and research agenda. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 13, 367-394.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Boyne, G. A., Meier, K., O’Toole, L., Walker, R. (2005). Where next? Research directions on performance in public organizations. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15, 633-639.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Breul, J. D., Kamensky, J. M. (2008). Federal government reform: Lessons from Clinton’s “reinventing government” and Bush’s “management agenda” initiatives. Public Administration Review, 68, 1009-1026.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Brewer, G. A. (1998). In the eye of the storm: Frontline supervisors and federal agency performance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15, 505-527.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Brewer, G. A. (2005). In the eye of the storm: Frontline supervisors and federal agency performance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15(4), 505-527.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Brewer, G. A. (2006). All measures of performance are subjective: More evidence on US federal agencies. In Boyne, G. A., Meier, K. J., O’Toole, L. J., Walker, R. M. (Eds.), Public service performance: Perspectives on measurement and management (pp. 35-54). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
Brewer, G. A., Selden, S. C. (1998). Whistle blowers in the federal civil service: New evidence of the public service ethic. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 8, 413-440.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Brewer, G. A., Selden, S. C. (2000). Why elephants gallop: Assessing and predicting organizational performance in federal agencies. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10, 685-712.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Bruce, W. (1994). Ethical people are productive people. Public Productivity & Management Review, 17, 241-252.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Bruce, W. (1996). Codes of ethics and codes of conduct: Perceived contribution to the practice of ethics in local government. Public Integrity Annual, 17, 23-30.
Google Scholar
Brumback, G. B. (1998). Institutionalizing ethics in government. In Berman, E., West, J., Bonczek, S. (Eds.), The ethics edge (pp. 61-71). Washington, DC: International City and County Management Association.
Google Scholar
Burke, F., Black, A. (1990). Improving organizational productivity: Add ethics. Public Productivity & Management Review, 14, 121-133.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Burns, T., Stalker, G. M. (1961). The management of innovation. London, England: Tavistock.
Google Scholar
Caillier, J. G. (2010). Factors affecting job performance in public agencies. Public Performance & Management Review, 34, 139-165.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Choi, S., Rainey, H. G. (2010). Managing diversity in US federal agencies: Effects of diversity and diversity management on employee perceptions of organizational performance. Public Administration Review, 70, 109-121.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Chun, Y., Rainey, H. G. (2005). Goal ambiguity and organizational performance in US federal agencies. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15, 529-557.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Condrey, S., Battaglio, P. (2007). A return to spoils? Revisiting radical civil service reform in the United States. Public Administration Review, 67, 425-436.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Cooper, T. L. (1992). Exemplary public administrators: Character and leadership in government. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Google Scholar
Cooper, T. L. (2001). The emergence of administrative ethics as a field of study in the United States. In Cooper, T. L. (Ed.), Handbook of administrative ethics (pp. 1-36). New York, NY: CRC Press.
Google Scholar
Cooper, T. L. (2004). Big questions in administrative ethics: A need for focused, collaborative effort. Public Administration Review, 64, 395-407.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Damanpour, F., Walker, R., Avellaneda, C. (2009). Combinative effects of innovation types and organizational performance: A longitudinal study of service organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 46, 650-675.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Damanpour, F., Wischnevsky, D. (2006). Research on innovation in organizations: Distinguishing innovation-generating from innovation-adopting organizations. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 23, 269-291.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Delaney, J. T., Huselid, M. (1996). The impact of human resource management practices on perceptions of organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 949-969.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Denhardt, K. G. (1988). Ethics of public service: Resolving moral dilemmas in public organizations. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Google Scholar
de Waal, A. A. (2010). Achieving high performance in the public sector. Public Performance & Management Review, 34(1), 81-103.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Dobel, J. P. (1990). Integrity in the public service. Public Administration Review, 50, 354-366.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Fernandez, S., Cho, Y. J., Perry, J. L. (2010). Exploring the link between integrated leadership and public sector performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 21, 308-323.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Frederickson, H. G. (Ed.). (1993). Ethics and public administration. Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.
Google Scholar
Frederickson, H. G. (1997). The spirit of public administration. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Google Scholar
Frederickson, H. G. (1999). Ethics and the new managerialism. Public Administration & Management: An Interactive Journal, 4, 299-324.
Google Scholar
Frederickson, H. G., Newman, M. A. (2001). The patriotism of exit and voice: The case of Gloria Flora. Public Integrity, 3, 347-362.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Gilman, S. C. (2000). An idea whose time has come: The international experience of the US Office of Government Ethics in developing anticorruption systems. Public Integrity, 2, 135-155.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Goodman, D., French, E. (2011). Assessing the temporary use of at-will employment for reorganization and workforce reduction in Mississippi state government. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 31, 270-290.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Gore, A. (1993). From red tape to results: Creating a government that works better and costs less: Report of the national performance review. Collingdale, PA: Diane.
Google Scholar
Goss, R. P. (1996). A distinct public administration ethics? Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 6, 573-597.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Gossett, C. W. (2003). The changing face of Georgia’s merit system: Results from an employee attitude survey in the Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice. Public Personnel Management, 32, 267-278.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Gumusluoglu, L., Ilsev, A. (2009). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of Business Research, 62, 461-473.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Haines, D. W. (2004). Fatal choices: The routinization of deceit, incompetence, and corruption. Public Integrity, 6(1), 5-23.
Google Scholar
Hays, S. W., Sowa, J. (2006). Changes in state civil service systems: A national survey. In Bowman, J., West, J. (Eds.), American Public Service: Radical reform and the merit system (pp. 3-23). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Google Scholar
Ingraham, P. W. (Ed). (2007). In pursuit of performance: Management systems in state and local government. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Google Scholar
Ingraham, P. W., Selden, S. C., Moynihan, D. (2000). People and performance: Challenges for the future public service—The report from the Wye River conference. Public Administration Review, 60, 54-60.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Ingraham, P. W., Sowa, J. E., Moynihan, D. (2004). Linking dimensions of public sector leadership to performance. In Ingraham, P., Lynn, L. (Eds). The art of governance: Analyzing management and administration (pp. 152-170). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Google Scholar
Kim, S. (2005). Individual-level factors and organizational performance in government organizations. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15, 245-261.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Kim, S. E., Lee, J. W., Kim, B. S. (2007, October). The quality of management and government innovation: An empirical study. Paper presented at 9th Public Management Research Conference, University of Arizona, Tucson.
Google Scholar
Lawler, E. E. (2003). Treat people right! How organizations and individuals can propel each other into a virtuous spiral of success. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Google Scholar
Macaulay, M., Lawton, A. (2006). From virtue to competence: Changing the principles of public service. Public Administration Review, 66, 702-710.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Meier, K., O’Toole, L. (2002). Public management and organizational performance: The effect of managerial quality. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 21, 629-643.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Meier, K., O’Toole, L. (2013). Subjective organizational performance and measurement error: Common source bias and spurious relationships. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 23, 429-456.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Meier, K., O’Toole, L., Boyne, G., Walker, R. (2007). Strategic management and the performance of public organizations: Testing venerable ideas against recent theories. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 17, 357-377.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Menzel, D. C. (1993). The ethics factor in local government: An empirical analysis. In Frederickson, G. (Ed.), Ethics and public administration (pp. 191-204). Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.
Google Scholar
Menzel, D. C. (1996). Ethics stress in public organizations. Public Productivity & Management Review, 20(1), 70-83.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Menzel, D. C. (1997). Teaching ethics and values in public administration: Are we making a difference? Public Administration Review, 30, 224-230.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Menzel, D. C. (2005). Research on ethics and integrity in governance: A review and assessment. Public Integrity, 7, 147-168.
Google Scholar
Menzel, D. C. (2007). Ethics Management for Public Administrators: Building Organizations of Integrity. New York, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Google Scholar
Menzel, D. C., Carson, K. (1999). A review and assessment of empirical research on public administration ethics: Implications for scholars and managers. Public Integrity, 1, 239-264.
Google Scholar
Moser, M. R. (1988). Ethical conflict at work: A critique of the literature and recommendations for future research. Journal of Business Ethics, 7, 381-387.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Moynihan, D., Ingraham, P. W. (2004). Integrative leadership in the public sector: A model of performance-information use.” Administration & Society, 36, 427-453.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Moynihan, D. P., Pandey, S. K. (2005). Testing how management matters in an era of government by performance management. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15(3), 421-439.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Moynihan, D., Pandey, S. (2010). The big question for performance management: Why do managers use performance information? Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 20, 849-866.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Naff, K. C., Crum, J. (1999). Working for America: Does public service motivation make a difference? Review of Public Personnel Administration, 19(5), 5-16.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Newell, T., Reeher, G., Ronayne, R. (Eds). (2011). The trusted leader: Building the relationships that make government work. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
Google Scholar
Nicholson-Crotty, S., O’Toole, L. (2004). Public management and organizational performance: The case of law enforcement agencies. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 14, 1-18.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Nigro, L. G., Kellough, J. E. (2000). Civil service reform in Georgia going to the edge? Review of Public Personnel Administration, 20(4), 41-54.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
O’Reilly, C., Pfeffer, J. A. (2000). Hidden value: How great companies achieve extraordinary results with ordinary people. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press.
Google Scholar
Osborne, D., Gaebler, T. (1992). Reinventing government: How the entrepreneurial spirit is transforming government. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Google Scholar
Ott, J. S. (1989). The organizational culture perspective. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Google Scholar
Perry, J. L. (1993). Whistle blowing, organizational performance, and organizational control. In Frederickson, G. (Ed.), Ethics and public administration (pp. 79-99). Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.
Google Scholar
Peters, T., Waterman, R. (1982). In search of excellence: Lessons from American’s best-run companies. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Google Scholar
Petty, M. M., McGee, G., Cavender, J. (1984). A meta-analysis of the relationships between individual job satisfaction and individual performance. Academy of Management Review, 9, 712-721.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Pitts, D. (2009). Diversity management, job satisfaction, and performance: Evidence from US federal agencies. Public Administration Review, 69(2), 328-338.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Pfeffer, J. (1998). The human equation: Building profits by putting people first. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Google Scholar
Pfeffer, J., Veiga, J. (1999). Putting people first for organizational success. The Academy of Management Executive, 13(2), 37-48.
Google Scholar
Rainey, H. G., Steinbauer, P. (1999). Galloping elephants: Developing elements of a theory of effective government organizations. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 9, 1-32.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Rohr, J. A. (1978). Ethics for bureaucrats: An essay on law and values. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker.
Google Scholar
Salge, T. O., Vera, A. (2009). Hospital innovativeness and organizational performance: Evidence from English public acute care. Health Care Management Review, 34, 54-67.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Schein, E. H. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Google Scholar
Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (Vol. 2). New York, NY: John Wiley.
Google Scholar
Selden, S. C., Sowa, J. (2004). Testing a multi-dimensional model of organizational performance: Prospects and problems. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 14, 395-416.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Sheehan, K. B. (2006). E-mail survey response rates: A review. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6(2). Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2001.tb00117.x/full
Google Scholar
Victor, B., Cullen, J. (1988). The organizational bases of ethical work climates. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33, 101-125.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Walker, R. M., Damanpour, F., Devece, C. A. (2010). Management innovation and organizational performance: The mediating effect of performance management. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 21(2), 367-386.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Walumbwa, F. O., Mayer, D. M., Wang, P., Wang, H., Workman, K., Christensen, A. L. (2011). Linking ethical leadership to employee performance: The roles of leader–member exchange, self-efficacy, and organizational identification. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115, 204-213.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
West, J. P., Berman, E. (2004). Ethics training in US cities: Content, pedagogy, and impact. Public Integrity, 6, 189-206.
Google Scholar
Zajac, G., Al-Kazemi, A. (2000). Administrative ethics and organizational learning in Kuwait and the United States: An empirical approach. International Journal of Public Administration, 23, 21-52.
Google Scholar | Crossref

Access content

To read the fulltext, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access.
  • Access Options

    My Account

    Welcome
    You do not have access to this content.

    Chinese Institutions / 中国用户

    Click the button below for the full-text content

    请点击以下获取该全文

    Institutional Login

    Purchase Content

    24 hours online access to download content

    Added to Cart

    Cart is full

    There is currently no price available for this item in your region.

    Research off-campus without worrying about access issues. Find out about Lean Library here


Purchase

AAS-article-ppv for GBP29.00
AAS-article-ppv for $37.50
Single Issue 24 hour E-access for GBP230.23
Single Issue 24 hour E-access for $275.85