Abstract
In Portugal, as in other European countries, gypsy children remain largely at the margins of the educational system. Their underachievement and the associated dropout rates from school are serious educational issues and factors contributing to their marginalization in society. However, there is limited research qualitatively examining the different ways in which gypsy children think about learning. The current study examined data provided by 26 Portuguese gypsy elementary school children ranging from 9- to 13- years-old. Data analysis presented an outcome space representing the gypsy children’s qualitatively different conceptions of learning. Accordingly with their gypsy culture, these Portuguese students perceived their learning of basic numeracy and literacy skills as important for helping their families selling at fairs. These children indicated that they do not intend to continue studying beyond elementary school as they believe that learning of these basic skills is enough for living as a gypsy. The implications for educational processes and school practices are discussed.
| Åkerlind, G.S. (2005). Variation and commonality in phenomenographic research methods. Higher Education Research and Development, 321–334. doi: 10.1080/07294360500284672. Google Scholar | |
| Bastos, J. (2003). Os Ciganos em Portugal––Ontem, Hoje e Amanhã. Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Departamento de Antropologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Google Scholar | |
| Bhopal, K. (2004) Gypsy travellers and education: Changing needs and changing perceptions. British Journal of Educational Studies 52(1): 47–64. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8527.2004.00254.x. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Bhopal, K. (2006) Issues of rurality and good practice: Gypsy traveller pupils in schools. In: Sarah Neal, Julian Agyeman (eds) The new countryside? Ethnicity, nation and exclusion in contemporary rural Britain, Bristol: Policy Press, pp. 193–216. Google Scholar | |
| Bhopal, K. (2010) This is a school, it’s not a site: Teachers’ attitudes towards gypsy and traveller pupils in schools in England, UK. British Educational Research Journal 36: 1–19. doi: 10.1080/01411921003786561. Google Scholar | |
| Bhopal, K., Myers, M. (2009) Gypsy, roma and traveller pupils in schools in the UK: Inclusion and ‘good practice’. International Journal of Inclusive Education 13(3): 299–314. doi: 10.1080/13603110701748403. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Bowden, J. (1994) Experience of phenomenographic research: A personal account. In: Bowden, J., Walsh, E. (eds) Phenomenographic research: Variations in method, Melbourne, RMIT: EQARD, pp. 44–55. Google Scholar | |
| Casa-Nova, M. J. (2006) A relação dos ciganos com a escola pública: contributos para a compreensão sociológica de um problema complexo e multidimensional. Interacções 2: 155–182. Google Scholar | |
| Casa-Nova, M. J. (2008). Família, etnicidad, trabajo y educación: estudio etnográfico sobre los modos de vida de una comunidad gitana del norte de Portugal. Tese de Doutoramento de Antropologia Social. Universidade de Granada. Google Scholar | |
| Dahlgren, L. O., Fallsberg, M. (1991) Phenomenography as a qualitative approach in social pharmacy research. Journal of Social and Administration Pharmacy 8: 150–156. doi: 10.1080/17482620601068105. Google Scholar | |
| Danaher, P., Coombes, P., Kiddle, K. (2007) Teaching traveller children: Maximising learning outcomes, Stoke on Trent: Trentham. Google Scholar | |
| Department for Education and Skills (2003) Aiming high: Raising the achievement of Gypsy Traveller pupils, London: DfES. Google Scholar | |
| Derrington, C. (2007) Fight, flight and playing white: An examination of coping strategies adopted by gypsy traveller adolescents in English secondary schools. International Journal of Educational Research 46: 357–367. doi: 10.1016/j.ijer.2007.06.001. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Derrington, C., & Kendall, S. (2004). Gypsy Traveller students in secondary schools. Stoke on Trent: Trentham. Google Scholar | |
| Derrington, C., Kendall, S. (2007) Challenges and barriers to secondary education: The experiences of young Gypsy Traveller students in English secondary schools. Social Policy and Society 7(11): 119–128. doi: 10.1017/S1474746407004058. Google Scholar | |
| Fraser, A. (1992) The gypsies, Oxford: Blackwell. Google Scholar | |
| Harris, L. R. (2011) Phenomenographic perspectives on the structure of conceptions: the origins, purposes, strengths, and limitations of the what/how and referential/structural frameworks. Educational Research Review 6(2): 109–124. doi: 10.1016/j.edurev.2011.01.002. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Jaidin, J. (2009). Conceptions of learning held by upper primary children in government schools in Brunei Darussalam. PhD thesis, Queensland University of Technology. Google Scholar | |
| Kenrick, D., Clark, C. (1999) Moving on. The gypsies and travellers of Britain, Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press. Google Scholar | |
| Levinson, M. P. (2007) Literacy in gypsy communities: A cultural capital manifested as negative assets. American Educational Research Journal 44(1): 5–39. doi: 10.3102/0002831206298174. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Levinson, M. P., Sparkes, A. C. (2006) Conflicting value systems: Gypsy females and the home-school interface. Research Papers in Education 21(1): 79–97. doi: 10.1080/02671520500335907. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Liégeois, J. P. (1998) Minoria y Escolaridad: El Paradigma Gitano, Madrid: Editorial Presencia Gitana. Google Scholar | |
| Lloyd, G., Stead, J., Jordan, B. (1999) Travellers at school: The experience of parents, pupils and teachers, Edinburgh: Moray House Institute of Education, University of Edinburgh. Google Scholar | |
| Marton, F. (1981) Phenomenography––describing conceptions of the world around us. Instructional Science 10: 177–220. doi: 10.1007/BF00132516. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Marton, F. (1986) Phenomenography––a research approach to investigating different understanding of reality. Journal of Thought 21(3): 28–49. Google Scholar | |
| Marton, F., Booth, S. (1997) Learning and awareness, Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
| Marton, F., Säljö, R. (1976a) On qualitative differences in learning: I––outcome and process. British Journal of Educational Psychology 46: 4–11. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8279.1976.tb02980.x. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Marton, F., Säljö, R. (1976b) On qualitative differences in learning: II. outcome as a function of the learner’s conception of the task. British Journal of Educational Psychology 46: 115–127. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8279.1976.tb02304.x. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Marton, F., Dall’Alba, G., Beaty, E. (1993) Conceptions of learning. International Journal of Educational Research 19(3): 277–300. doi: 10.1016/0883-0355(93)90015-C. Google Scholar | |
| Marton, F., Watkins, D., Tang, C. (1997) Discontinuities and continuities in the experience of learning: An interview study of high-school students in Hong-Kong. Learning and Instruction 7(1): 21–48. doi: 10.1016/S0959-4752(96)00009-6. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Myers, M., McGhee, D., Bhopal, K. (2010) At the crossroads: Gypsy and traveller parents’ perceptions of education, protection and social change. Race Ethnicity and Education 13(4): 533–548. doi: 10.1080/13613324.2010.492138. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| O’Hanlon, C., Holmes, P. (2004) The education of gypsy and traveller children, Stoke on Trent: Trentham. Google Scholar | |
| Padfield, P. (2005) Inclusive educational approaches for gypsy/traveller pupils and their families: An ‘urgent need for progress’? Scottish Educational Review 37(2): 127–141. Google Scholar | |
| Padfield, P., Jordan, E. (2004) Issues in school enrolment, attendance, attainment and support for learning for gypsy/travellers and school-aged children and young people based in Scottish Local Authority sites, Scottish Traveller Education Programme. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh. Google Scholar | |
| Parker-Jenkins, M., Hartas, D. (2002) Social inclusion: The case of travellers’ children. Education 30(2): 39–42. doi: 10.1080/03004270285200211. Google Scholar | |
| Phillips, T. (2004). A strategy for gypsies and travellers. Paper presented at the National Association of Traveller Teachers Conference, Oxford, UK. Google Scholar | |
| Pramling, I. (1983) The child's conceptions of learning, Goteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. Google Scholar | |
| Pramling, I. (1996) Understanding and empowering the child as a learner. In: Olson, D., Torrance, N. (eds) Handbook of education and human development: New models of learning, teaching and schooling, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, pp. 565–592. Google Scholar | |
| Reynolds, M., McCartan, D., Knipe, D. (2003) Traveller culture and lifestyle as factors influencing children’s integration into mainstream secondary schools in West Belfast. International Journal of Inclusive Education 7(4): 403–414. doi: 10.1080/1360311032000110972. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Rosário, P., González-Pienda, J. A., Pinto, R., Ferreira, P., Lourenço, A., Paiva, O. (2010) Efficacy of the program ‘Testas’s (mis)adventures’ to promote the deep approach to learning. Psicothema 22(4): 828–834. Google Scholar | Medline | ISI | |
| Säljö, R. (1988) Learning in educational settings: Methods of inquiry. In: Ramsden, P. (eds) Improving learning: New perspectives, New York, NY: Nichols Publishing, pp. 32–48. Google Scholar | |
| Sandberg, J. (1997) Are phenomenographic results reliable? Higher Education Research and Development 16(2): 203–212. doi: 10.1080/0729436970160207. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Schwandt, T. (1997) Qualitative inquiry: A dictionary of terms, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
| Steketee, C. (1997). Conceptions of learning held by students in the lower, middle and upper grades of primary schools. Retrieved September 9, 2011, from http://www.waier.org.au/forums/1997/steketee.html. Google Scholar |

