![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
This study compared bullying involvement of Korean or Korean-German children living in Germany with children in Korea, and examined children’s perceptions of school environment associated with bullying involvement of the children. This study included 105 Korean or Korean-German children living in the Bayern State of Germany as the study sample and 95 Korean children in Gyeongnam Province of Korea as the control group. Korean children in Germany were significantly less likely to be exposed to and less likely to be engaged in bullying behaviors than those in Korea, except relational bullying. Overall 21.0% of Korean or Korean-German children were being bullied and 18.1% of children were bullying peers in Germany, whereas 33.7% of children were exposed to being bullied and 35.8% of children were involved in bullying peers in Korea. Children’s perceptions of school environment as being more favorable were significantly associated with decreased bullying involvement of children. Policy implications were suggested based on the findings.
References
Section:
| Akiba, M., LeTendre, G. K., Baker, D. P., Goesling, B. (2002) Student victimization: National and school system effects on school violence in 37 Nations. American Educational Research Journal 39(4): 829–853. doi: 10.3102/00028312039004829. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Allison, P. D. (1999). Multiple regression: A primer. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. Google Scholar | |
| Ammenmueller, A. (2012) Violence in European schools: A widespread phenomenon that matters for education production. Labour Economics 19: 908–922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2012.08.010. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Arseneault, L., Walsh, E., Trzesniewski, K., Newcombe, R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E. (2006) Bullying victimization uniquely contributes to adjustment problems in young children: A nationally representative cohort study. Pediatrics 118(1): 130–138. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-2388. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Baldry, A. C. (2003) Bullying in schools and exposure to domestics violence. Child Abuse and Neglect 27: 713–732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(03)00114-5. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
| Bauer, N. S., Lozano, P., Rivara, F. P. (2007) The effectiveness of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program in public middle schools: A controlled trial. Journal of Adolescent Health 40: 266–274. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.10.005. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Chen, J., Astor, R. A. (2010) School violence in Taiwan: Examining how Western risk factors predict school violence in an Asian culture. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 25(8): 1388–1410. doi: 10.1177/0886260509354576. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Dussich, J. P. J., Maekoya, C. (2007) Physical child harm and bullying-related behaviors. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 51(5): 495–509. doi: 10.1177/0306624X06298463. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Elgar, F. J., Craig, W., Boyce, W., Morgan, A., Vella-Zarb, R. (2009) Income inequality and school bullying: Multilevel study of adolescents in 27 countries. Journal of Adolescent Health 45: 351–359. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.04.004. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
| Eliot, M., Cornell, D., Gregory, A., Fan, X. (2010) Supportive school climate and student willingness to seek help for bullying and threats of violence. Journal of School Psychology 48(6): 533–553. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2010.07.001. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
| Fandrem, H., Strohmeier, D., Roland, E. (2009) Bullying and victimization among native and immigrant adolescents in Norway: The role of proactive and reactive aggressiveness. The Journal of Early Adolescence 29(6): 898–923. doi: 10.1177/0272431609332935. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Felix, E. D., Furlong, M. J., Austin, G. (2009) A cluster analytic investigation of school violence victimization among diverse students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 24(10): 1673–1695. doi: 10.1177/0886260509331507. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Fleming, L. C., Jacobsen, K. H. (2009) Bullying among middle-school students in low and middle income countries. Health Promotion International 25(1): 73–84. doi:10.1093/heapro/dap046. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Foundation for Preventing Youth Violence. (2009). 2009 National Survey Report on School Violence in Korea. Seoul: Foundation for Preventing Youth Violence (FPYV). Google Scholar | |
| Fuchs, M. K. (2008) Impact of school context on violence at schools. International Journal of Violence and School 7: 20–42. Google Scholar | |
| Fuchs, M. K. (2009) Violence at German schools: Findings and open questions. International Journal of Violence and School 9: 79–101. Retrieved http://www.ijvs.org/files/Revue-09/05.-Fuchs-Ijvs-9-en.pdf. Google Scholar | |
| Funk, W. (2001). Violence in German schools: Its determinants and its prevention in the scope of community crime prevention schemes. Nürnberg: Institut für empirische Soziologie Nürnberg. http://www.ifes.uni-erlangen.de. Google Scholar | |
| Gini, G. (2006) Bullying as a social process: The role of group membership in students’ perception of inter-group aggression at school. Journal of School Psychology 44: 51–65. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00224405. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Hampel, P., Manhal, S., Hayer, T. (2009) Direct and relational bullying among children and adolescents: Coping and psychological adjustment. School Psychology International 30(5): 474–490. doi: 10.1177/0143034309107066. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Harel-Fisch, Y., Walsh, S. D., Fogel-Grinvald, H., Amitai, G., Pickett, W., Molcho, M., Due, P., Gaspar de Matos, M., Craig, W. (2011) Negative school perceptions and involvement in school bullying: A universal relationship across 40 countries. Journal of Adolescence 34(4): 639–652. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.09.008. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Hilton, J. M., Anngela-Cole, L., Wakita, J. (2010) A cross-cultural comparison of factors associated with school bullying in Japan and the United States. The Family Journal 18(4): 413–422. doi: 10.1177/1066480710372919. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Hutzell, K. L., Payne, A. A. (2012) The impact of bullying victimization on school avoidance. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 10(4): 370–385. doi: 10.1177/1541204012438926. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Larochette, A. C., Murphy, A. N., Craig, W. M. (2010) Racial bullying and victimization in Canadian school-aged children: Individual and school level effects. School Psychology International 31(4): 389–408. doi: 10.1177/0143034310377150. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Lee, C. (2010) Personal and interpersonal correlates of bullying behaviors among Korean middle school students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 25(1): 152–176. doi: 10.1177/0886260508329124. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Lee, C. (2011) An ecological systems approach to bullying behaviors among middle school students in the United States. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26(8): 1664–1693. doi: 10.1177/0886260510370591. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Ma, X. (2001) Bullying and being bullied: To what extent are bullies also victims? American Educational Research Journal 38(2): 351–370. doi: 10.3102/00028312038002351. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Marées, N. V., Petermann, F. (2010) Bullying in German primary schools: Gender differences, age trends and influence of parents’ migration and educational backgrounds. School Psychology International 31(2): 178–198. doi: 10.1177/0143034309352416. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Moore, K., Jones, N., & Broadbent E. (2008). School violence in OECD countries. Plan. Retrieved from http://plan-international.org/what-we-do/protection/learn-without-fear. Google Scholar | |
| Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at School: What We Know and What We Can Do. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. Google Scholar | |
| Peguero, A. A. (2009) Victimizing the children of immigrants: Latino and Asian American student victimization. Youth and Society 41(2): 186–208. doi: 10.1177/0044118X09333646. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Quintana, S. M. (1998) Children’s developmental understanding of ethnicity and race. Applied and Preventive Psychology 7: 27–45. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Richard, J. F., Schneider, B. H., Mallet, P. (2011) Revisiting the whole-school approach to bullying: Really looking at the whole school. School Psychology International 33(3): 263–284. doi: 10.1177/0143034311415906. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Scheithauer, H., Hayer, T., Petermann, F., Jugert, G. (2006) Physical, verbal, and relational forms of bullying among German students: Age trends, gender differences, and correlates. Aggressive Behavior 32: 261–275. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Smorti, A., Menensini, E., Smith, P. K. (2003) Parents’ definitions of children’s bullying in a five-country comparison. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 34(4): 417–432. doi: 10.1177/0022022103254163. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Solberg, M. E., & Olweus, D. (2003). Prevalence estimation of school bullying with the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 239–268. doi: 10.1002/ab.10047. Google Scholar | |
| Spriggs, A. L., Iannotti, R. J., Nansel, T. R., Haynie, D. L. (2007) Adolescent bullying involvement and perceived family, peer and school relations: Commonalities and differences across race/ethnicity. Journal of Adolescent Health 41: 283–293. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.04.009. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Wei, H., Jonson-Reid, M. (2011) Friends can hurt you: Examining the coexistence of friendship and bullying among early adolescents. School Psychology International 32(3): 244–262. doi: 10.1177/0143034311402310. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| White, F. A., Gleitzman, M. (2006) An examination of family socialization processes as moderators of racial prejudice transmission between adolescents and their parents. Journal of Family Studies 12: 247–260. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Wolke, D., Woods, S., Stanford, K., Schulz, H. (2001) Bullying and victimization of primary school children in England and Germany: Prevalence and school factors. British Journal of Psychology 92: 673–696. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Yoon, J., Bauman, S., Choi, T., Hutchinson, A. S. (2011) How South Korean teachers handle an incident of school bullying. School Psychology International 32(3): 312–329. doi: 10.1177/0143034311402311. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI |
