![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
The current study first examined the applicability of the ClassMaps Survey (CMS)—a measurement of resilience in classroom/school settings developed in the US with Chinese middle school students and then compared the group differences on student perceptions of the resilience factors in the CMS across the two cultures. The findings suggest that the CMS and all its seven subscales have good to acceptable scalar measurement equivalence. The current study supports the use of the CMS and its seven subscales with Chinese middle school students as a measurement of resilience in classroom context. Furthermore, the study found that Chinese students scored significantly higher on academic self-determination, behavior self-control, teacher-student relationship, home-school relationship, and peer conflict but significantly lower on academic self-efficacy than American students. There was no significant difference in peer friendships between the two groups. Implications for resilience promotion in school settings were discussed in cultural context.
Keywords American, Chinese, ClassMaps Survey, middle school students, resilience
References
Section:
| Bentler, P. M. (1990) Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin 107: 238–246. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Chao, R. K. (1996) Chinese and European American mothers’ beliefs about the role of parenting in children’s school success. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 27: 403–423. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022196274002. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Chen, X. (2010) Socio-emotional development in Chinese children. In: Bond, M. H. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Psychology, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, pp. 37–52. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Chen, X., Chen, H., Kaspar, V., Noh, S. (2000) Adolescent social, emotional, and school adjustment in Mainland China. International Journal of Group Tensions 29: 51–78. doi: 10.1023/A:1005178713623. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Chen, X., Chen, H., Li, D., Wang, L. (2009) Early childhood behavioral inhibition and social and school adjustment in Chinese children: A 5-year longitudinal study. Child Development 80: 1692–1704. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01362.x. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Cheng, C. (1998) Getting the right kind of support: Functional differences in the types of social support on depression for Chinese adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology 54: 845–849. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(199810)54:6<845:;aid-jclp13>3.3.co:2-4. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
| Cheung, G., Rensvold, R. (2002) Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling 9: 233–255. doi: 10.1207/s15328007sem0902_5. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Cui, S., Cheng, Y., Xu, Z., Chen, D., Wang, Y. (2010) Peer relationships and suicide ideation and attempts among Chinese adolescents. Child Care, Health and Development 37: 692–702. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2010.01181.x. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
| Davis, M. C., Luecken, L., Lemery-Chalfant, K. (2009) Resilience in common life: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Personality 77: 1637–1644. doi: 10.1111/j.1467- 6494.2009.00595.x. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Doll, B. (2013) Enhancing Resilience in Classrooms. In: Goldstein, S., Brooks, R. (eds) Handbook of resilience in children, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer, pp. 399–410. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Doll, B., Brehm, K., Zucker, S. (2014) Resilient classrooms: Creating healthy environments for learning, (2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Publications. Google Scholar | |
| Doll, B., Lyon, M. (1998) Risk and resilience: Implications for the delivery of educational and mental health services in schools. School Psychology Review 27(3): 348–363. Google Scholar | |
| Doll, B., Spies, R. A., Champion, A., Guerrero, C., Dooley, K., Turner, A. (2010b) The ClassMaps Survey: A measure of middle school science students’ perceptions of classroom characteristics. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 28: 338–348. doi: 10.1177/0734282910366839. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Doll, B., Spies, R. A., LeClair, C. M., Kurien, S. A., Foley, B. P. (2010a) Student perceptions of classroom learning environment: Development of the ClassMaps Survey. School Psychology Review 39(2): 203–218. Google Scholar | |
| Fletcher, D., Sarkar, M. (2013) Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European Psychologist 18: 12–23. doi: http: //dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000124. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Hau, K., Ho, I. (2010) Chinese students’ motivation and achievement. In: Bond, M. H. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Psychology, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, pp. 187–204. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Hesketh, T., Zhen, Y., Lu, L., Dong, Z. X., Jun, Y. X., Xing, Z. W. (2010) Stress and psychosomatic symptoms in Chinese school children: Cross-sectional survey. Archives of Disease in Childhood 95(2): 136–140. doi: 10.1136/adc.2009.171660. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Hu, Y., Gan, Y. (2008) Development and psychometric validity of the Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents. Acta Psychologica Sinica 40: 902–912. doi : 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2008.00902. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Hue, M. (2011) Developing resiliency in students with behavioural problems in Hong Kong secondary schools: teachers’ narratives from a school guidance perspective. Pastoral Care in Education 29: 261–272. doi: 10.1080/02643944.2011.626067. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Jia, Y., Way, N., Ling, G., Yoshikawa, H., Chen, X., Hughes, D. (2009) The influence of student perceptions of school climate on socioemotional and academic adjustment: A comparison of Chinese and American adolescents. Child Development 80: 1514–1530. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01348.x. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Kitano, M. K., Lewis, R. B. (2005) Resilience and coping: Implications for gifted children and youth at risk. Roeper Review 27(4): 200–205. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Lee, T., Shek, D., Kwong, W. (2007) Chinese approaches to understanding and building resilience in at-risk children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 16: 377–392. doi: http: //dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2006.12.001. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
| Li, H., Martin, A., Armstrong, D., Walker, R. (2011) Risk, protection, and resilience in Chinese adolescents: A psycho-social study. Asian Journal of Social Psychology 14: 269–282. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-839X.2011.01356.x. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Li, J. (2002) A cultural model of learning: Chinese ‘heart and mind for wanting to learn’. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 33: 248–268. doi: 10.1177/0022022102033003003. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Li, L. (2010) Let confidence lead the professional development—analysis of the change proves of a problem class. Education Literature 8: 145–146. Google Scholar | |
| Li, Y., Liang, X. (2015) Review of class meetings in elementary and middle schools in China. Shanghai Education Research 1: 28–31. Retrieved from http://www.cssn.cn/jyx/jyx_jyglx/201507/t20150714_2077744.shtml. Google Scholar | |
| Liu, X. (2003). Parenting practices and the psychological adjustment of children in rural China. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved from http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=gansu_dissertations. Google Scholar | |
| Lu, S. (2011, May 30). Debate: Parent expectations. China Daily. Retrieved from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2011-05/30/content_12601014.htm. Google Scholar | |
| Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D. (2000) The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology 12: 857–885. doi: 10.1017/S0954579400004156. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Masten, A. S. (2014) Ordinary magic: Resilience in development, New York, NY: Guiford Press. Google Scholar | |
| Masten, A. S., Coatsworth, J. D. (1998) The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist 53: 205–220. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.205. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Montgomery, M. R. (2010). Small rural school districts in Nebraska: A case study of challenges and solutions. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1050&context=cehsedaddiss. Google Scholar | |
| Ni, G. (2006) Let ‘problem students’ stop being problems. Journal of the Chinese Society of Education 3: 56–58. Google Scholar | |
| Office for the Population Census Jiangsu Province (2012) Tabulation on the 2010 population census of Jiangsu Province, Beijing, China: China Statistics Press. Google Scholar | |
| Sameroff, A., Gutman, L. M., Peck, S. C. (2003) Adaptation among youth facing multiple risks: Prospective research findings. In: Luthar, S. S. (ed.) Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 364–392. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Sameroff, A. J., Rosenblum, K. L. (2006) Psychosocial constraints on the development of resilience. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1094: 116–124. doi: 10.1196/annals.1376.010. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
| Theron, L. C., Theron, A. M. C., Malindi, M. J. (2013) Toward an African definition of resilience: A rural South African community’s view of resilient Basotho Youth. Journal of Black Psychology 39: 63–87. doi: 10.1177/0095798412454675. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Tian, G., Wang, X. (2015) Cultural pathways to resilience: informal social support of at-risk youth in China. In: Theron, L., Liebenbert, L., Ungar, M. (eds) Youth resilience and culture: commonalities and complexities, New York, NY: Springer Science, pp. 93–104. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Ungar, M. (2011) The social ecology of resilience: Addressing contextual and cultural ambiguity of a nascent construct. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 81: 1–17. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01067.x. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Ungar, M., Brown, M., Liebenberg, L., Othman, R., Kwong, W., Armstrong, M., Gilgun, J. (2007) Unique pathways to resilience across cultures. Adolescence 42: 287–310. doi: 10.4135/9781412976312http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412976312.n13. Google Scholar | Medline | |
| Vanderbilt-Adriance, E., Shaw, D. S. (2008) Conceptualizing and re-evaluating resilience across levels of risk, time, and domains of competence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 11: 30–58. doi: 10.1007/s10567-008-0031-2. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Wang, C., Xia, Y. R., Li, W., Wilson, S., Bush, K., Peterson, G. (2016) Parenting behaviors, adolescent depressive symptoms, and problem behavior: The role of self-esteem and school adjustment difficulties among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Family Issues 37: 520–542. doi:10.1177/0192513X14542433. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Windle, G. (2010) What is resilience? A review and concept analysis. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 21: 152–169. doi:10.1017/S0959259810000420. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Wong, D. (2008) Differential impacts of stressful life events and social support on the mental health of mainland Chinese immigrant and local youth in Hong Kong: A resilience perspective. British Journal of Social Work 38: 236–252. doi: 10.1093/bjsw/bcl344. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Wu, Y. (2006) New approach of educational transformation of ‘problem students’—Concept of subjective framework. Chinese Journal of Special Education 77: 30–33. Google Scholar | |
| Yan, H. Q. (2005) Confucian thought: Implications for psychotherapy. In: Tseng, W., Chang, S., Nishizono, M. (eds) Asian culture and psychotherapy: Implications for east and west, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 129–141. Google Scholar | |
| Yang, C., Bear, G., Chen, F., Zhang, W., Blank, J., Huang, X. (2013) Students’ perceptions of school climate in the US and China. School Psychology Quarterly 28: 7–24. doi: 10.1037/spq0000002. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
| Young, D., Tseng, W., Zhou, L. (2005) Daoist philosophy: Application in psychotherapy. In: Tseng, W., Chang, S., Nishizono, M. (eds) Asian culture and psychotherapy: Implications for east and west, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 142–155. Google Scholar | |
| Ysseldyke, J., Morrison, D., Burns, M., Ortiz, S., Dawson, P., Rosenfield, S. (2006) School psychology: A blueprint for training and practice III, Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychology. Google Scholar | |
| Yu, A., Yang, K. S. (1994) The nature of achievement motivation in collectivist societies. In: Kim, U., Triandis, H. C., Kagitcibasi, C., Choi, S. C., Yoon, G. (eds) Individualism and collectivism:Theory, method, and applications, Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 239–250. Google Scholar | |
| Zhang, W., Li, H., Gong, Y., Ungar, M. (2013) Stressful events and depression among Chinese adolescents: The mitigating role of protective factors. School Psychology International 34: 501–513. doi: 10.1177/014304312472760. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Zhao, C., Su, C. (2010) Changes on understanding of ‘problem students’: From essentialism to constructivism. Chinese Journal of Special Education 115: 92–96. Google Scholar | |
| Zhao, X., Selman, R. L., Haste, H. (2015) Academic stress in Chinese schools and a proposed preventive intervention program. Cogent Education 2. doi/full/10.1080/2331186X.2014.1000477. Google Scholar | Crossref |
