Abstract
Engagement in academic tasks is important. However, compared to the large body of research on task engagement, the number of studies on task disengagement is quite limited. The aim of this study is to examine the associations between the motivational (self-determination) and attitudinal antecedents (learning orientations) of task disengagement. The sample consisted of 347 fifth-graders in China. We tested two mediation models that incorporated self-determination (autonomous versus controlled), learning orientation (collaborative versus competitive), and task disengagement among Chinese primary school students in learning English. Results showed collaborative learning orientation mediated the link between autonomous motivation and task disengagement. Collaborative learning orientation was also found to be negatively related to task disengagement.
| Annetta, L. A., Minogue, J., Holmes, S. Y., Cheng, M. T. (2009) Investigating the impact of video games on high school students’ engagement and learning about genetics. Computers and Education 53(1): 74–85. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2008.12.020. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Brindley, J., Blaschke, L. M., Walti, C. (2009) Creating effective collaborative learning groups in an online environment. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 10(3): 1–18. doi: 10.19173/irrodl.v10i3.675. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Brislin, R. W. (1970) Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 1(3): 185–216. doi: 10.1177/135910457000100301. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Chao, R. K. (1996) Chinese and European American mothers’ beliefs about the role of parenting in children’s school success. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 27(4): 403–423. doi: 10.1177/0022022196274002. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Chen, F. F. (2007) Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling 14(3): 464–504. doi:10.1080/10705510701301834. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Cheung, C. S. S., Pomerantz, E. M. (2011) Parents’ involvement in children’s learning in the United States and China: Implications for children’s academic and emotional adjustment. Child Development 82(3): 932–950. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01582.x. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Christenson, S., Reschly, A. L., Wylie, C. (2012) Handbook of research on student engagement, New York, NY: Springer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Crocker, J., Knight, K. M. (2005) Contingencies of self-worth. Current Directions in Psychological Science 14(4): 200–203. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.593. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M. (2008) Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne 49(3): 182–185. doi: 10.1037/a0012801. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Duda, J. L., Nicholls, J. G. (1992) Dimensions of achievement motivation in schoolwork and sport. Journal of Educational Psychology 84(3): 290–299. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.290. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Eccles, J. S., Roeser, R., Vida, M., Fredricks, J., Wigfield, A. (2006) Motivational and achievement pathways through middle childhood. In: Balter, L., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S. (eds) Child psychology: A handbook of contemporary issues, New York, NY: Psychology Press, pp. 325–355. Google Scholar | |
| Fall, A. M., Roberts, G. (2012) High school dropouts: Interactions between social context, self-perceptions, school engagement, and student dropout. Journal of Adolescence 35(4): 787–798. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.11.004. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., Paris, A. H. (2004) School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research 74(1): 59–109. doi: 10.3102/00346543074001059. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Furrer, C., Skinner, E. (2003) Sense of relatedness as a factor in children’s academic engagement and performance. Journal of Educational Psychology 95(1): 148–162. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.95.1.148. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Hafen, C. A., Allen, J. P., Mikami, A. Y., Gregory, A., Hamre, B., Pianta, R. C. (2012) The pivotal role of adolescent autonomy in secondary school classrooms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 41(3): 245–255. doi: 10.1007/s10964-011-9739-2. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Harackiewicz, J. M., Barron, K. E., Pintrich, P., Elliot, A. J., Thrash, T. M. (2002) Revision of achievement goal theory: Necessary and illuminating. Journal of Educational Psychology 94: 638–645. doi: 10.1037//0022-0663.94.3.638. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Hesketh, T., Zhen, Y., Lu, L., Dong, Z. X., Jun, Y. X., Xing, Z. W. (2010) Stress and psychosomatic symptoms in Chinese school children: Cross-sectional survey. Archives of Disease in Childhood 95(2): 136–140. doi: 10.1136/adc.2009.171660. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Hockings, C., Cooke, S., Yamashita, H., McGinty, S., Bowl, M. (2008) Switched off? A study of disengagement among computing students at two universities. Research Papers in Education 23(2): 191–201. doi: 10.1080/02671520802048729. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Hung, C. Y. (2014) The Crisis of disengagement: A discussion on motivation change and maintenance across the primary secondary school transition. Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research 4(1): 70–100. doi: 10.4471/remie.2014.01. Google Scholar | |
| Jang, H., Kim, E. J., Reeve, J. (2016) Why students become more engaged or more disengaged during the semester: A self-determination theory dual-process model. Learning and Instruction 43: 27–38. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.01.002. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Johnson, D. W. (1974) Evaluating affective outcomes of schools. In: Walberg, H. (ed.) Evaluating school performance, Berkeley, CA: McCutchan, pp. 99–112. Google Scholar | |
| Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T. (1975) Learning together and alone: Cooperation, competition, and individualization, Englcwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Google Scholar | |
| Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T. (2011) Intellectual legacy: Cooperation and competition. In: Coleman, P. T. (ed.) Conflict, interdependence, and justice, NY: Springer, pp. 41–63. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9994-8_3. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Jones, A., Isroff, K. (2005) Learning technologies: Affective and social issues in computer-supported collaborative learning. Computers & Education 44(4): 395–408. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2004.04.004. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Katz, I., Assor, A. (2007) When choice motivates and when it does not. Educational Psychology Review 19(4): 429–442. doi:10.1007/s10648-006-9027-y. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| King, R. B., McInerney, D. M., Watkins, D. A. (2012) Competitiveness is not that bad … at least in the East: Testing the hierarchical model of achievement motivation in the Asian setting. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 36(3): 446–457. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.10.003. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Kline, R. B. (2005) Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
| Knee, C. R., Zuckerman, M. (1998) A nondefensive personality: Autonomy and control as moderators of defensive coping and self-handicapping. Journal of Research in Personality 32(2): 115–130. doi: 10.1006/jrpe.1997.2207. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Kusurkar, R. A., Croiset, G., Ten Cate, O. T. J. (2011) Twelve tips to stimulate intrinsic motivation in students through autonomy-supportive classroom teaching derived from self-determination theory. Medical Teacher 33(12): 978–982. doi: 10.3109/0142159X.2011.599896. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Law, Y. K. (2011) The effects of cooperative learning on enhancing Hong Kong fifth graders’ achievement goals, autonomous motivation and reading proficiency. Journal of Research in Reading 34(4): 402–425. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9817.2010.01445.x. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Li, H., Corrie, L. F., Wong, B. K. M. (2008) Early teaching of Chinese literacy skills and later literacy outcomes. Early Child Development and Care 178(5): 441–459. doi:10.1080/03004430600789365. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Li, Y., Lerner, R. M. (2013) Interrelations of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive school engagement in high school students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 42(1): 20–32. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9857-5. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Liem, A. D., Lau, S., Nie, Y. (2008) The role of self-efficacy, task value, and achievement goals in predicting learning strategies, task disengagement, peer relationship, and achievement outcome. Contemporary Educational Psychology 33(4): 486–512. doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2007.08.001. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| McLoughlan, C. (1998) The student voice: Perceptions of autonomy and collaboration in learning with technology. Australian Educational Computing 13(2): 28–33. Google Scholar | |
| Meyer, J. P., Gagné, M. (2008) Employee engagement from a self‐determination theory perspective. Industrial and Organizational Psychology 1(1): 60–62. doi: 10.1111/j.1754-9434.2007.00010.x. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Nicholls, A. R., Polman, R. C., Levy, A. R., Backhouse, S. H. (2008) Mental toughness, optimism, pessimism, and coping among athletes. Personality and Individual Differences 44(5): 1182–1192. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.011. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Nichols, S. L., Dawson, H. S. (2012) Assessment as a context for student engagement. In: Christenson, S. L., Reschly, A. L., Wylie, C. (eds) Handbook of research on student engagement, New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media, pp. 457–478. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Nicolas, M., Gaudreau, P., Franche, V. (2011) Perception of coaching behaviors, coping, and achievement in a sport competition. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 33(3): 460–468. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Nunan, D. (2003) The impact of English as a global language on educational policies and practices in the Asia‐Pacific region. TESOL Quarterly 37(4): 589–613. doi: 10.2307/3588214. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Pietarinen, J., Soini, T., Pyhältö, K. (2014) Students’ emotional and cognitive engagement as the determinants of well-being and achievement in school. International Journal of Educational Research 67: 40–51. doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2014.05.001. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A., Garcia, T., Mckeachie, W. J. (1991) A manual for the use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ), Ann Arbor, MI: NCRIPTAL, University of Michigan. Google Scholar | |
| Reeve, J. (2012) A self-determination theory perspective on student engagement. In: Christenson, S. L., Reschly, A. L., Wylie, C. (eds) Handbook of research on student engagement, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 149–172. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Reeve, J., Jang, H. (2006) What teachers say and do to support students’ autonomy during a learning activity. Journal of Educational Psychology 98(1): 209–218. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.98.1.209. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Robins, S. P., Judge, T. A., Odendall, A., Roodt, G. (2009) Organisational behaviour: Global and Southern African perspectives, Cape Town: Pearson Education South Africa. Google Scholar | |
| Ryan, R. M., Connell, J. P. (1989) Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57(5): 749–761. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.749. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Smith, A. L., Biddle, S. (2008) Youth physical activity and sedentary behavior: Challenges and solutions, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Google Scholar | |
| Smith, A. L., Ntoumanis, N., Duda, J. L., Vansteenkiste, M. (2011) Goal striving, coping, and well-being: A prospective investigation of the self-concordance model in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 33(1): 124–145. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Soudien, C. (2006) Disaffected or displaced? A brief analysis of the reasons for academic failure amongst young South Africans. The International Journal on School Disaffection 4(1): 6–13. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Watkins, D. (2009) Motivation and competition in Hong Kong secondary schools: The students’ perspectives. In: Chan, C. K. K., Rao, N. (eds) Revisiting the Chinese learner: Changing contexts, changing education, New York, NY: Springer––Comparative Education Center, University of Hong Kong, pp. 71–88. Google Scholar | |
| Young, J. J. (2011) Collaboration in action: The impact of a cooperative learning environment on student engagement in ninth grade English, University of California, San Diego. Google Scholar |

