![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
The present study examined the longitudinal relationship between effort-reward imbalance as a stressor and academic burnout as a strain. The study also examined the moderation effect of coping strategies, a problem-focused coping and an emotion-focused coping, in the relationship between effort-reward imbalance as a stressor and middle school students’ academic burnout as a strain using multi-group latent growth modeling (LGM) analysis. The results indicated a significant relationship between the initial status of effort-reward imbalance and the initial status of academic burnout. The results also indicated a significant relationship between the change rate of effort-reward imbalance and that of academic burnout. In addition, problem-focused coping strategies had a moderation effect on the relationship between effort-reward imbalance and academic burnout longitudinally. However, the emotion-focused coping strategy did not have a moderation effect. The authors discuss specific findings and practical implications for teachers and school psychologists.
References
Section:
| Arbuckle, J. L. (1996) Full information estimation in the presence of incomplete data. In: Marcoulides, G. A., Schumacker, R. E. (eds) Advanced structural equation modeling, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, pp. 243–277. Google Scholar | |
| Bakker, A. B., Killmer, C. H., Siegrist, J., Schaufeli, W. B. (2000) Effort–reward imbalance and burnout among nurses. Journal of advanced nursing 31(4): 884–891. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01361. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Bentler, P. M. (1990) Comparative fit indices in structural models. Psychological Bulletin 107(2): 238–246. doi: 10.1037/033-2909.107.2.238. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Brenner, S. O., Sorbom, D., Wallius, E. (1985) The stress chain: A longitudinal confirmatory study of teacher stress, coping and social support. Journal of Occupational Psychology 58: 1–13. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1985.tb00175. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Chan, D. W. (1994) The Chinese Ways of Coping Questionnaire: Assessing Coping in Secondary Teachers and Students in Hong Kong. Psychological Assessment 6(2): 108–116. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.6.2.108. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Chapman, P. L., Mullis, R. L. (1999) Adolescent coping strategies and self-esteem. Child Study Journal 29(1): 69–69. Google Scholar | |
| Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H., Wadsworth, M. E. (2001) Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychological Bulletin 127: 87–127. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.87. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Dillon, W. R., Kumar, A., Mulani, N. (1987) Offending estimates in covariance structure analysis: Comments on the causes of and solutions to Heywood cases. Psychological Bulletin 101(1): 126–135. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.126. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S. (1980) An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of health and social behavior 21(3): 219–239. doi: 10.2307/2136617. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S. (1984) If it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of personality and Social Psychology 48: 150–170. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.48.1.150. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Fukuda, S., Yamano, E., Joudoi, T., Mizuno, K., Tanaka, M., Kawatani, J., Watanabe, Y. (2010) Effort-reward imbalance for learning is associated with fatigue in school children. Behavioral Medicine 36(2): 53–62. doi: 10.1080/08964281003774919. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Grewal, R., Cote, J. A., Baumgartner, H. (2004) Multicollinearity and measurement error in structural equation models: Implications for theory testing. Marketing Science 23(4): 519–529. doi: 10.1287/mksc.1040.0070. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Griva, K., Joekes, K. (2003) UK teachers under stress: Can we predict wellness on the basis of characteristics of the teaching job? Psychology-and-Health 18: 457–471. doi: 10.1080/08870440310001471. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Hu, L., Bentler, P. M. (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 6: 1–55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Hwang, H. J. (2006) A study on the stress and its relativeeffects of variables among children and adolescents. Journal of Elementary Education 19(1): 193–215. Google Scholar | |
| Jöreskog, K. G. (1999). How large can a standardized coefficient be? Retrieved February 2, 2005, from http://www.ss icentral.com/lisrel/column2.htm. Google Scholar | |
| Kim, B., Kim, S. R., Yang, N. Y., Yaung, H., Ha, G. Y., Yang, J. Y., Lee, B., & Lee, S. M. (2016). Longitudinal relationships between planned happenstance skills and life adjustment and the moderating role of career barriers. Journal of Career Development, 0894845316681078. Google Scholar | |
| Kim, Y. J. (2006). The relationships among communication in parent-child, stress coping and adolescents’ school adjustment. Unpublished master’s thesis, Seoul Woman’s University, Seoul. Google Scholar | |
| Kim, J., Kim, M., Jin, Y. (2008) A longitudinal study of the effects of media use on the evaluation of the leading candidate in Korean 2007 Presidential election. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies 44: 76–107. Google Scholar | |
| Kim, K. H., Kim, D. I., Kim, B. H., Kim, C. D., Kim, H. S., Nam, S. I., Cho, H. I. (2000) School counseling andguidance, Seoul, South Korea: Hakjisa Press. Google Scholar | |
| Kline, R. B. (2015) Principles and practice of structural equation modeling 4th ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
| Lazarus, R. S., Folkman, S. (1984) Stress, appraisal, and coping, New York: Springer. Google Scholar | |
| Lee, M., Larson, R. (2000) The Korean “examination hell”: Long hours of studying, distress, and depression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 29: 249–272. doi: 10.1023/A:1005160717081. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Lee, J., Puig, A., Kim, Y., Shin, H., Lee, S. M. (2010) Academic burnout profiles in Korean adolescents. Stress and Health 26(5): 404–416. doi: 10.1002/smi.1312. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Lee, J., Puig, A., Lea, E., Lee, S. M. (2013) Age related differences in academic burnout of Korean adolescents. Psychology in the Schools 50(10): 1015–1031. doi: 10.1002/pits.21723. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Lee, J., Puig, A., Lee, S. M. (2012) The effect of the demand control and effort reward imbalance models on the academic burnout of Korean adolescents. Asia Pacific Journal of Education 32(1): 113–123. doi: 10.1080/02188791.2012.655373. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Lee, Y. B., Lee, S. M., Lee, J. (2009) Development of Korean academic burnout scale. Korea Educational Review 15(3): 59–78. Google Scholar | |
| Leiter, M. P. (1991) Coping patterns as predictors of burnout: The function of control and escapist coping patterns. Journal of Organizational Behaviour 12: 123–144. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Lowe, R., Bennett, P. (2003) Exploring coping reactions to work-stress: Application of an appraisal theory. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 76: 393–400. doi: 10.1348/096317903769647247. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Maslach, C., & Schaufeli, W. B. (1993). Historical and conceptual development of burnout. Professional Burnout: Recent Developments in Theory and Research, edited by Schaufelial., Washington, D. C.: Taylor and Francis. 1-18. Google Scholar | |
| Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P. (2001) Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology 52: 397–422. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| McQuitty, S. (2004) Statistical power and structural equation models in business research. Journal of Business Research 57(2): 175–83. doi: 10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00301-0. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Moos, R. H., Billings, A. G. (1982) Conceptualizing and measuring coping resources and processes. In: Goldberger, L., Breznitz, S. (eds) Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects, New York: Free Press, pp. 212–230. Google Scholar | |
| Muthen, L., & Muthen, B. O. (1998–2006). Mplus Version 4.2. http://www.statmodel.com/index2.Html. Google Scholar | |
| Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2009) Education at a glance 2009: OECD indicators, Paris, France: Author. Google Scholar | |
| Omizo, M. M., Omizo, S. A., Suzuki, L. A. (1988) Children and stress: An exploratory study of stressors and symptoms. The School Counselor 3: 267–275. Google Scholar | |
| Park, I. K., Lee, S. M., Choi, B. Y., Jin, Y., Lee, J. (2010) Relationship between the big five personality factors and academic burnout. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology 24(1): 81–93. Google Scholar | |
| Rijk, A. E., Blanc, P. M., Schaufeli, W. B., Jonge, J. J. (1998) Active coping and need for control as moderators ofthe job demand-control model: effects on burnout. Journalof Occupational and Organisational Psychology 71(1): 1–18. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Roben, C. K., Cole, P. M., Armstrong, L. M. (2013) Longitudinal relations among language skills, anger expression, and regulatory strategies in early childhood. Child development 84(3): 891–905. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12027. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Rothmann, S., Van Rensburg, P. (2002) Psychological strengths, coping and suicide ideation in the South African Police Services in the North West Province. South African Journal of Psychology 28(3): 39 49. doi: 10.4102/sajip.v28i3.64. Google Scholar | |
| Rubenstein, J. L., Halton, A., Kasten, L., Rubin, C., Stechler, G. (1998) Suicidal behavior in adolescents: Stress and protection in different family contexts. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 68(2): 274–284. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Schaufeli, W. B., Martinez, I. M., Marques-Pinto, A., Salanova, M., Bakker, A. (2002) Burnout and engagement in university students: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 33(5): 464–481. doi: 10.1.1.459.8952. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
| Schulz, M., Damkröger, A., Heins, C., Wehlitz, L., Löhr, M., Driessen, M., Behrens, J., Wingenfeld, K. (2009) Effort–reward imbalance and burnout among German nurses in medical compared with psychiatric hospital settings. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing 16(3): 225–233. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2008.01355. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Shin, H., Puig, A., Lee, J., Lee, J. H., Lee, S. M. (2011) Cultural validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory for Korean students. Asia Pacific Education Review 12(4): 633–639. doi: 10.1007/s12564-011-9164-y. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Siegrist, J. (1998) Adverse health effects of effort-reward imbalance at work: theory, empirical support and implications for prevention. In: Cooper, C. L. (ed.) Theories of Organizational Stress, Oxford: Oxford University Press). Google Scholar | |
| Siegrist, J., Starke, D., Chandola, T., Godin, I., Marmot, M., Niedhammer, I., Peter, R. (2004) The measurement of effort–reward imbalance at work: European comparisons. Social science & medicine 58(8): 1483–1499. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00351-4. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Siu, O. L., Spector, P. E., Cooper, C. L. (2006) A three phase study to develop and validate a Chinese coping strategies scales in Greater China. Personality and Individual Differences 41: 537–48. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.02.012. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Slaney, R. B., Brown, M. T. (1983) Effects of race and socioeconomic status on career choice variables among college men. Journal of Vocational Behavior 23: 257–269. doi: 10.1016/0001-8791(83)90040-4. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Vitaliano, P. P., Russo, J., Carr, J. E., Maiuro, R. D., Becker, J. (1985) The ways of coping checklist: Revision and psychometric properties. Multivariate behavioral research 20(1): 3–26. doi: 10.1207/s15327906mbr20011. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
| Wallace, S., Lee, J., Lee, S. (2010) Job stress, coping strategies, and burnout among abuse-specific counselors. Journal of Employment Counseling 47: 111–122. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-1920.2010.tb00096.x. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Yip, B., Rowlinson, S., Siu, O. L. (2008) Coping strategies as moderators in the relationship between role overload and burnout. Construction Management and Economics 26: 869–880. doi: 10.1080/01446190802213529. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Zhang, Y., Gan, Y., Cham, H. (2007) Perfectionism, academic burnout and engagement among Chinese college students: A structural equation modeling analysis. Personality and Individual Differences 43(6): 1529–1540. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.01. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
Author's biographies
Boyoung Kim is a Research Professor in the department of Education at Korea University. She is interested in human development, career counseling, and the promotion of Psychological well-being. She enjoys taking care of her two dogs, Tofu and Blacky.
Eunjoo Kim is a M.A Candidate in the department of Education majoring in counseling at Korea University Graduate School. Her school counseling interests include career development and career barriers, foreign international students and interpersonal relationships.
Sang Min Lee is a Professor in the department of Education at the Korea University. His research interests include student's academic burnout syndrome, counselor's burnout syndrome, and measurement issues in counseling. He enjoys playing golf and spending time with his family.
