Abstract
This article offers description and interpretation for understanding the exercise of leadership in teacher collaboration. Data gathered in two urban high schools through observations and interviews were coded and categorized following Miles and Huberman’s modified analytic induction technique. The analysis contributes to emerging theory on leadership through examining and reframing Heifetz’s typology of technical and adaptive work to include nonrational properties evidenced in teacher teamwork. The findings forward questions, insights, and recommendations for practitioners about distributing leadership in efforts to reform teacher practice.
|
Abbate-Vaughn, J. ( 2005). The things they carry: Ideology in an urban teacher professional community. Urban Review, 36(4), 227-249. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Achinstein, B. ( 2002). Conflict amid community: The micropolitics of teacher collaboration. Teachers College Record, 104, 421-455. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Avolio, B. , Walumbwa, F. , & Weber, T. ( 2009). Leadership: Current theories, research, and future directions . Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 421-449. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Bezzina, C. ( 2006). "The road less traveled": Professional communities in secondary schools. Theory Into Practice, 45(2), 159-167. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Blumenthal, R. ( 2006). Why Connecticut sued the government over No Child Left Behind. Harvard Education Review, 76 (4), 564-569. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Burns, J.M. ( 1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row. Google Scholar | |
|
Ciulla, J. B. (Ed.). (1998). Ethics, the heart of leadership. Westport, CT: Quorum. Google Scholar | |
|
Cohen, M.D. , March, J.G. , & Olsen, J.P. ( 1972). A garbage can model of organizational choice. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(1), 1-25. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Cuban, L. ( 1998). How schools change reforms: Redefining reform success and failure. Teachers College Record, 99, 453-477. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Cuban, L. ( 2007). Hugging the middle teaching in an era of testing and accountability, 1980-2005. Education Policy Analysis Archives , 15(1), 1-27. Google Scholar | |
|
Darling-Hammond, L. ( 2004). Standards, accountability, and school reform. Teachers College Record, 106, 1047-1085. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Denhardt, J. , & Campbell, K. ( 2006). The role of democratic values in transformational leadership . Administration & Society, 38, 556-572. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Elmore, R.F. ( 2004). School reform from the inside out: Policy, practice, and performance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Emerson, R.M. , Fretz, R.I. , & Shaw, L.L. ( 1995). Writing ethnographic fieldnotes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Evans, R. ( 1996). The human side of school change: Reform, resistance, and the real-life problems of innovation. San Francisco : Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
|
Gajda, R. , & Koliba, C. ( 2008). Evaluating and improving the quality of teacher collaboration: A field-tested framework for secondary school leaders. NASSP Bulletin, 92, 133-153. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Gallucci, D. ( 2008). Districtwide instructional reform: Using sociocultural theory to link professional learning to organizational support. American Journal of Education, 114, 541-581. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gibb, C.A. ( 1954). Handbook of social psychology. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley. Google Scholar | |
|
Gibbons, R. ( 2003). Team theory, garbage cans and real organizations: Some history and prospects of economic research on decision-making in organizations . Industrial and Corporate Change, 12(4), 753-787. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gigante, N. , & Firestone, W. ( 2008). Administrative support and teacher leadership in schools implementing reform. Journal of Educational Administration , 46(3), 302-331. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Goertz, M. , & Duffy, M. ( 2003). Mapping the landscape of high-stakes testing and accountability programs. Theory Into Practice, 31(1), 4-11. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gronn, P. ( 2008). The future of distributed leadership. Journal of Educational Administration, 46(2), 141-158. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Grossman, P. , Wineburg, S. , & Woolworth, S. ( 2001). Toward a theory of teacher community. Teachers College Record, 103, 942-1012. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hanoch, Y. ( 2002). "Neither an angel nor an ant": Emotion as an aid to bounded rationality. Journal of Economic Psychology, 23, 1-25. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hargreaves, A. , & Fink, D. ( 2008). Distributed leadership: Democracy or delivery? Journal of Educational Administration, 46(2), 229-240. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hargreaves, A. , & Goodson, I. ( 2006). Educational change over time? The sustainability and nonsustainability of three decades of secondary school change and continuity . Educational Administration Quarterly, 42, 3-41. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Harris, A. ( 2008). Distributed leadership: According to the evidence. Journal of Educational Administration, 46(2), 172-188. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Heifetz, R. ( 1994). Leadership without easy answers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Heifetz, R. ( 2006). Educational leadership: Beyond a focus on instruction . Phi Delta Kappan, 87(7), 512-513. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Heifetz, R. , & Laurie, D. ( 2001). The work of leadership. Harvard Business Review, 79(11), 131-141. Google Scholar | |
|
Heifetz, R. , & Linsky, M. ( 2002). A survival guide for leaders. Harvard Business Review, 80(6), 65-74. Google Scholar | Medline | |
|
Heifetz, R. , & Linsky, M. ( 2004). When leadership spells danger. Educational Leadership, 61(7), 33-37. Google Scholar | |
|
Hergenhahn, B. ( 1988). An introduction to theories of learning (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Google Scholar | |
|
LeCompte, M. , & Goetz, J. ( 1982). Problems of reliability and validity in ethnographic research. Review of Educational Research, 52(1), 31-60. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lee, V. , & Burkham, D. ( 2003). Dropping out of high school: The role of school organization and structure. American Educational Research Journal, 40, 353-393. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Little, J.W. ( 2003). Inside teacher community: Representations of classroom practice. Teachers College Record, 105, 913-945. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lortie, D.C. ( 1975). School teacher: A sociological study. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Loveless, T. ( 2005). Test-based accountability: The promise and the perils . Brookings Papers on Educational Policy, 2005(1), 7-45. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Mac Iver, M. ( 2007). What reform left behind: A decade of change at one urban high school. Education and Urban Society, 40(3), 3-35. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
March, J. ( 1982). Theories of choice and making decisions. Society, 20(1), 29-39. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
March, J. ( 2006). Rationality, foolishness, and adaptive intelligence. Strategic Management Journal, 27, 201-214. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Marks, H. , & Louis, K.S. ( 1999). Teacher empowerment and the capacity for organizational learning. Educational Administration Quarterly, 35, 707-750. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Marks, H. , & Nance, J. ( 2007). Contexts of accountability under systemic reform: Implications for principal influence on instruction and supervision. Educational Administration Quarterly, 43, 3-37. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
McLaughlin, M. , & Talbert, J.E. ( 2001). Professional communities and the work of high school teaching. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Miles, M. , & Huberman, M. ( 1984). Drawing valid meaning from qualitative data: Toward a shared craft. Educational Researcher, 13(5), 20-30. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Mumford, M. , Zaccaro, S. , Harding, F. , Jacobs, T. , & Fleishman, E. ( 2000). Leadership skills for a changing world: Solving complex social problems. Leadership Quarterly, 11, 11-35. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Newmann, F. , King, B. , & Rigdon, M. ( 1997). Accountability and school performance: Implications from restructuring schools. Harvard Educational Review, 67(1), 41-74. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Noddings, N. ( 1992). The challenge to care in schools: An alternative approach to education. New York: Teachers College Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Normore, A.H. ( 2004). The edge of chaos: School administrators and accountability . Journal of Educational Administration, 42(1), 55-77. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Peshkin, A. ( 2000). The nature of interpretation in qualitative research . Educational Researcher, 29(9), 5-9. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Pintrich, P. , Marx, R. , & Boyle, R. ( 1993). Beyond cold conceptual change: The role of motivational beliefs and classroom contextual factors in the process of conceptual change . Review of Educational Research, 63(2), 167-199. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Rost, J.C. ( 1991). Leadership in the 21st century. Westport, CT: Praeger. Google Scholar | |
|
Rowan, B. ( 1990). Commitment and control: Alternative strategies for the organizational design of schools. Review of Research in Education , 16, 353-389. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Scribner, J. , Cockrell, K. , Cockrell, D. , & Valentine, J. ( 1999). Creating professional communities in schools through organizational learning: An evaluation of a school improvement process. Educational Administration Quarterly, 35, 130-160. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Scribner, J. , Sawyer, R. , Watson, S. , & Myers, V. ( 2007). Teacher teams and distributed leadership: A study of group discourse and collaboration. Educational Administration Quarterly, 43, 67-100. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Selznick, P. ( 1957). Leadership in administration. New York: Harper and Row. Google Scholar | |
|
Simon, H.A. ( 1982). Models of bounded rationality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Spillane, J. , Camburn, E. , Pustejovsky, J. , Pareja, A. , & Lewis, G. ( 2008). Taking a distributed perspective: Epistemological and methodological tradeoffs in operationalizing the leader-plus aspect. Journal of Educational Administration, 46(2), 189-213. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Spillane, J. , Diamond, J. , Burch, P. , Hallett, T. , Jita, L. , & Zoltners, J. ( 2002). Managing in the middle: School leaders and the enactment of accountability policy. Educational Policy, 16(5), 731-763. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Spillane, J. , Halverson, R. , & Diamond, J. ( 2001). Investigating school leadership practice: A distributed perspective. Educational Researcher, 30(3), 23-28. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Spiri, M.H. ( 2001). School leadership and reform: Case studies of Philadelphia principals. Madison, WI: Consortium for Policy Research in Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Tschannen-Moran, M. ( 2009). Fostering teacher professionalism in schools: The role of leadership orientation and trust. Educational Administration Quarterly, 45, 217-247. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Tyack, D. , & Hansot, E. ( 1982). Managers of virtue: Public school leadership in America, 1820-1980. New York: Basic Books . Google Scholar | |
|
Uhl-Bien, M. , Marion, R. , & McKelvey, B. ( 2007). Complexity leadership theory: Shifting leadership from the industrial age to the knowledge era. Leadership Quarterly , 18, 298-318. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Valli, L. , & Buese, D. ( 2007). The changing roles of teachers in an era of high stakes accountability. American Educational Research Journal, 44, 519-558. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Wahlstrom, K. , & Louis, K.S. ( 2008). How teachers experience principal leadership: The roles of professional community, trust, efficacy, and shared responsibility. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44, 458-495. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Weick, K.E. ( 1976). Educational organizations as loosely coupled systems . Administrative Science Quarterly, 21(1), 1-19. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wood, D. ( 2007). Teachers’ learning communities: Catalyst for change or a new infrastructure for the status quo? Teachers College Record, 109, 699-739. Google Scholar |

