Abstract
Effective schools research gave birth to a new role for principals: instructional leader. Recent studies have suggested the relationship between strong school instructional leadership and higher student achievement. Skeptics question whether the principal’s job is realistic and reasonable, with its emphasis on instructional leadership, multiple managerial responsibilities, and conflicting time demands. A more crucial question is, can the job allow the principal more time for instructional pursuits to provide greater impact on student learning? The answer to which this article explores.
Keywords instructional leader, managerial leader, reorganization
|
Blasé, J. , & Blasé, J. (2000). Effective instructional leadership: Teachers’ perspectives on how principals promote teaching and learning in schools. Journal of Educational Administration , 38(2), 130-141. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Cooley, V.E. , & Shen, J. ( 2003). School accountability and professional job responsibilities: A perspective from secondary principals. NASSP Bulletin, 87(634), 10-25. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Cotton, K. ( 2003). Principals and student achievement: What the research says. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Google Scholar | |
|
Cuban, L. ( 1988). The managerial imperative and the practice of leadership in schools. Albany: State University of New York Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Cunard, R.F. ( 1990). Sharing instructional leadership: A view to strengthening the principal’s position. NASSP Bulletin, 4(525), 30-34. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Cushing, K.S. , Kerrins, J.A. , & Johnstone, T. ( 2003). Disappearing principals. Leadership, 32(5), 28-29, 37. Google Scholar | |
|
Darling-Hammond, L. , LaPointe, M. , Meyerson, D. , & Orr, M. ( 2007). Preparing school leaders for a changing world: Executive summary. Stanford, CA: Stanford University, Stanford Educational Leadership Institute. Google Scholar | |
|
DiPaola, M. , & Tschannen-Moran, M. (2003). The principalship at a crossroads: A study of the conditions and concerns of principals. NASSP Bulletin, 87(634) 43-63. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Donmoyer, R. , & Wagstaff, J.G. (1990). Principals can be effective managers and instructional leaders. NASSP Bulletin, 4(525), 20-25, 27-29. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Duffie, L.G. ( 1991, June). The principal: Leader or manager? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED339109) Google Scholar | |
|
DuFour, R. ( 2002). The learning-centered principal. Educational Leadership, 59(8), 12-15. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Eisner, E.W. ( 2002). The kind of schools we need. Phi Delta Kappan, 83(8), 576-583. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Elmore, R.F. ( 2000). Building a new structure for school leadership. Washington, DC: Albert Shanker Institute. Google Scholar | |
|
Ferrandino, V.L. , & Tirozzi, G.N. ( 2000, March 22). The principal, keystone of a high-achieving school: Attracting and keeping the leaders we need. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from http:// www.naesp.org/ContentLoad.do?contentId=906 Google Scholar | |
|
Fullan, M. ( 1993). Change forces: Probing the depths of educational reform . London: Falmer Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Goodwin, R.H. , Cunningham, M.L. , & Childress, R. ( 2003). The changing role of the secondary principal. NASSP Bulletin, 87(634), 26-42. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Grubb, W.N. , & Flessa, J.J. ( 2006). "A job too big for one": Multiple principals and other non-traditional approaches to school leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly, 42(4), 518-550. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Hallinger, P. ( 2003). Leading educational change: Reflections on the practice of instructional and transformational leadership. Cambridge Journal of Education, 33(3), 329-351. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hallinger, P. , Bickman, L. , & Davis, K. ( 1996). School context, principal leadership and student reading achievement. The Elementary School Journal, 96, 57-549. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hallinger, P. , & Heck, R.H. ( 1998). Exploring the principal’s contribution to school effectiveness: 1980-1995. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 9(2), 157-191. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Institute for Educational Leadership. (2000 , October). Leadership for student learning: Rein-venting the principalship. A report of the Task Force on the Principalship. Washington, DC: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Leithwood, K. , & Jantzi, D. ( 2000). Principal and teacher leadership effects: A replication . School Leadership & Management, 20(4), 415-434. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Leithwood, K. , Louis, K.S. , Anderson, S. , &Wahlstrom, K. ( 2004). How leadership influences student learning: Executive summary. New York: Wallace Foundation . Google Scholar | |
|
Leitner, D. ( 1994). Do principals affect student outcomes: An organizational perspective. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 5(3), 219-238. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Levacic, R. ( 2005). Educational leadership as a causal factor. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 33(2), 197-210. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Marks, H.M. , & Printy, S.M. ( 2003). Principal leadership and school performance: An integration of transformational and instructional leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly, 39(3), 370-397. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Marzano, R.J. , Waters, T. , & McNulty, B.A. ( 2005). School leadership that works: From research to results . Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Google Scholar | |
|
National Association of Elementary School Principals. ( 2001). Leading learning communities: Standards for what principals should know and be able to do. Alexandria, VA: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Nettles, S.M. , & Herrington, C. (2007). Revisiting the importance of the direct effects of school leadership on student achievement: The implications for school improvement policy. Pea-body Journal of Education , 82(4), 724-736. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Phillips, J.A. (n.d.). Manager-administrator to instructor leader: Shift in the role of the school principal. Retrieved March 23, 2009, from http://peoplelearn.homestead.com/principainstructleader.htm Google Scholar | |
|
Pierce, M. ( 2000, September/October). Portrait of the "super principal." Harvard Education Letter, pp. 6-7. Google Scholar | |
|
Portin, B.S. , Shen, J. , & Williams, R.C. (1998). The changing principalship and its impact: Voices from principals. NASSP Bulletin, 82(602), 1-8. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Rayfield, R. , & Diamantes, T. ( 2004). Task analysis of the duties performed in secondary school administration, Education, 124, 709-712. Google Scholar | |
|
Schein, E. ( 2004). Organizational culture and leadership (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
|
Schiff, T. ( 2002). Principals’ readiness for reform: A comprehensive approach. Principal Leadership, 2(5), 21-26. Google Scholar | |
|
Shellinger, M. ( 2005). Alternative administration study. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED490688) Google Scholar | |
|
Shelton, S.V. ( 2009). The national School Administration Manager project. National Conference of State Legislatures Legisbrief, 17(8), 1-2. Google Scholar | |
|
Shen, J. , & Crawford, C.S. (2003). Introduction to the special issue: Characteristics of the secondary principalship. NASSP Bulletin, 87(634), 2-8. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Southern Regional Education Board. (2009). The district leadership challenge: Empowering principals to improve teaching and learning. Atlanta, GA: Author . Google Scholar | |
|
Southworth, G. ( 2002). Instructional leadership in schools: Reflections and empirical evidence. School Leadership & Management, 22(1), 73-92. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Spillane, J.P. ( 2005, Winter). Distributed leadership. The Educational Forum, pp. 143-150. Google Scholar | |
|
Stronge, J.H. ( 2002). Qualities of effective teaching. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Google Scholar | |
|
Waters, T. , Marzano, R.J. , & McNulty, B. ( 2003). Balanced leadership: What 30 years of research tells us about the effect of leadership on student achievement. Aurora, CO: Mid-Continent Research for Education and Learning. Google Scholar | |
|
Whitaker, B. ( 1997). Instructional leadership and principal visibility. The Clearinghouse, 70(3), 155-156. Google Scholar | |
|
Witziers, B. , Bosker, R.J. , & Kruger, M.L. ( 2003). Educational leadership and student achievement: The elusive search for an association. Educational Administration Quarterly , 39, 398-425. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Worner, W. , & Stokes, R. ( 1987). Instructional leadership: What are the activities and who performs them? NASSP Bulletin, 71, 49-56. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Yerkes, D.M. , & Guaglianone, C.L. (1998). Where have all the high school administrators gone? Thrust for Educational Leadership , 28(2), 10-15. Google Scholar |

