Abstract
This study explored Wyoming school leaders’ perceptions about the traits of incompetent teachers, strategies used to work with incompetent teachers, and the barriers to their dismissal. Most importantly, this study differentiated how principals and superintendents viewed incompetency issues. Some major findings include school leaders’ beliefs that classroom management problems were an indicator of incompetence, counseling to leave the profession was a strategy used with incompetent teachers, and teacher unions were a barrier to their dismissal.
|
Alexander, K., Alexander, M. D. (2001). American public school law (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Google Scholar | |
|
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s111-1 Google Scholar | |
|
Armour-Garb, A. (2009). Should “value added” models be used to evaluate teachers? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 28, 692-712. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Blacklock, K. (2002). Dealing with an incompetent teacher. Principal, 81(4), 26-28. Google Scholar | |
|
Brieschke, P. A. (1986). The administrative role in teacher competency. Urban Review, 18, 237-251. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bridges, E. M. (1992). The incompetent teacher. Bristol, PA: Falmer. Google Scholar | |
|
Brown, K. M., Wynn, S. R. (2009). Finding, supporting, and keeping: The role of the principal in teacher retention issues. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 8(1), 37-63. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Chait, R. (2010). Removing chronically ineffective teachers: Barriers and opportunities. Retrieved from http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/03/pdf/teacher_dismissal.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Coleman, J., Schroth, S. T., Molinaro, L., Green, M. (2005). Tenure: An important due process right for a hindrance to change in the schools? Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 18, 219-231. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Cooper, B. S., Ehrensal, P. A. L., Bromme, M. (2005). School-level politics and professional development: Traps in evaluating the quality of practicing teachers. Educational Policy, 19(1), 112-125. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Darling-Hammond, L., Snyder, J. (2000). Authentic assessment in teaching in context. Teaching and Teacher Education, 16, 523-545. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Earnshaw, J., Marchington, L., Ritchie, E., Torrington, D. (2004). Neither fish nor fowl? Assessment of teacher capability procedures. Industrial Relations Journal, 35, 139-152. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
The Education Laws of Wyoming Annotated . (2008). Charlottesville, VA: Lexis Nexis. Google Scholar | |
|
Essex, N. L. (2012). School law and the public schools: A practical guide for educational leaders (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Fink, E., Resnick, L. B. (2001). Developing principals as instructional leaders. Phi Delta Kappan, 82, 598-606. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Fischer, L., Schimmel, D., Kelly, C. (1999). Teachers and the law (5th ed.). New York, NY: Addison Wesley Longman. Google Scholar | |
|
Fossey, R. (1998). Secret settlement agreements between school districts and problem employees: Some legal pitfalls. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 12, 61-67. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Fuhr, D. L. (1993). Managing mediocrity in the classroom. School Administrator, 50(4), 26-29. Google Scholar | |
|
Futernick, K. (2010). Incompetent teachers or dysfunctional systems? Kappan, 92(2), 59-64. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
George, D., Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Google Scholar | |
|
Green, R. L. (2010). The four dimensions of principal leadership: A framework for leading 21st century schools. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Google Scholar | |
|
Haefele, D. L. (1992). Evaluating teachers: An alternative model. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 5, 335-345. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hinchey, P. H. (2010). Getting teacher assessment right: What policymakers can learn from research. Retrieved from http://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/getting-teacher-assessment-right Google Scholar | |
|
Ingersoll, R. M. (2001). The realities of out-of-field teaching. Educational Leadership, 58(8), 42-45. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Jacob, B. A., Lefgren, L. (2006). When principals rate teachers: The best and the worst stand out. Retrieved from http://educationnext.org/files/ednext20062_58.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Jacob, B. A., Lefgren, L. (2008). Can principals identify effective teachers? Evidence on subjective performance evaluation in education. Journal of Labor Economics, 26, 101-136. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Johnson v. Howell R-3 Board of Education , 868 S.W. 2d 191 (Mo. App. E.D. 1994). Google Scholar | |
|
Jones, S. R., Torres, V., Arminio, J. (2006). Negotiating the complexities of qualitative research in higher education: Fundamental elements and issues. New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Kersten, T. A. (2006). Teacher tenure: Illinois school board president’s perspectives and suggestions for improvement. Planning and Changing, 37, 234-257. Google Scholar | |
|
Kimball, S. M. (2002). Analysis of feedback, enabling conditions and fairness perceptions of teachers in three school districts with new standards-based evaluation systems. Journal of Personal Evaluation in Education, 16, 241-268. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Last, T., Murphy, P. (1998). Challenges facing rural headteachers: A report from Oxfordshire. Westminster Studies in Education, 21(1), 35-45. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Leithwood, K., Seashore Louis, K., Anderson, S., Wahlstrom, K. (2004). How leadership influences student learning. New York, NY: Wallace Foundation. Google Scholar | |
|
Lewis, L., Parsad, B., Carey, N., Bartfai, N., Farris, E., Smerdon, B. (1999). Teacher quality: A report on the preparation and qualifications of public school teachers. Education Statistics Quarterly, 1(1). Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=1999080 Google Scholar | |
|
Marshal, K. (2009). Rethinking teacher supervision and evaluation: How to work smart, build collaboration, and close the achievement gap. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
|
Memorandum No. 2011-048 . (2011). Certified personnel evaluation systems (CPES) submissions and program updates. Retrieved from http://edu.wyoming.gov/searchresults.aspx?SearchQuery=Teacher+Accountability+Act Google Scholar | |
|
Menuey, B. P. (2005). Teachers’ perceptions of professional incompetence and barriers to the dismissal process. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 18, 309-325. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Mock, S. G., Melnick, S. A. (1991). The marginal teacher: A survey of principals’ attitudes. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED342739) Google Scholar | |
|
National Council on Teacher Quality . (2010). Bumping HR: Giving principals more say over staffing. Retrieved from http://www.nctq.org/tr3/docs/nctq_site_based_hiring.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
National Right to Work . (n.d.). Right work states. Retrieved from http://www.nrtw.org/rtws.htm Google Scholar | |
|
Nettles, S., Herrington, C. (2007). Revisiting the importance of the direct effects of school leadership on student achievement: The implications for school improvement policy. Peabody Journal of Education, 82, 724-736. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
The New Teacher Project . (2010). Teacher evaluation 2.0. Retrieved from http://www.tntp.org/files/Teacher-Evaluation-Oct10F.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Nixon, A., Packard, A. L., Dam, M. (2011). School principals and teacher contract non-renewal. International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation, 6(3). Retrieved from http://cnx.org/content/m38622/latest/ Google Scholar | |
|
Nixon, A., Packard, A., Douvanis, G. (2010). Non-renewal of probationary teachers: Negative retention. Education, 131(1), 43-52. Google Scholar | |
|
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 , Pub. L. No. 107-110, 115 Stat. 1425 (2002). Google Scholar | |
|
Nolan, J. F., Hoover, L. A. (2008). Teacher supervision and evaluation: Theory into practice (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Nye, B., Konstantopoulos, S., Hedges, L. V. (2004). How large are teacher effects? Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 26, 237-257. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Ovando, M. N., Ramirez, A. J. (2007). Principals’ instructional leadership within a teacher performance appraisal system: Enhancing students’ academic success. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 20, 85-110. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Owings, W. A., Kaplan, L. S., Nunnery, J., Marzano, R., Myran, S., Blackburn, D. (2006). Teacher quality and troops to teachers: A national study with implications for principals. NASSP Bulletin, 90, 102-131. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Palardy, G. J., Rumberger, R. W. (2008). Teacher effectiveness in first grade: The importance of background qualifications, attitudes, and instructional practices for student learning. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 30, 111-140. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Painter, S. R. (2000). Principals’ perceptions of barriers to teacher dismissal. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 14, 253-264. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Pajak, E. (2003). Honoring diverse teaching styles: A guide for supervisors. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Google Scholar | |
|
Phillips, W., Young, B. (1997). Just caring? Supervisors talk about working with incompetent teachers. Journal of Educational Thought, 31, 105-121. Google Scholar | |
|
Platt, A. D., Tripp, C. E., Ogden, W. R., Fraser, R. G. (2000). The skillful leader: Confronting mediocre teaching. Acton, MA: Ready About Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Popp, P. A., Grant, L. W., Stronge, J. H. (2011). Effective teachers for at-risk or highly mobile students: What are the dispositions and behaviors of award-winning teachers? Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 16, 275-291. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Pratt, F. (1996). The ethical principal and teacher nonretention. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 10, 29-36. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Range, B. G., Scherz, S., Holt, C. R., Young, S. (2011). Supervision and evaluation: The Wyoming perspective. Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Accountability, 23, 243-265. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Reeves, D. B. (2002). The daily disciplines of leadership. San Francisco, CA: Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Reeves, D. B. (2004). Accountability for learning: How teachers and school leaders can take charge. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Google Scholar | |
|
Rutledge, S. A., Harris, D. N., Ingle, W. K. (2010). How principals “bridge and buffer” the new demands of teacher quality and accountability: A mixed-methods analysis of teacher hiring. American Journal of Education, 116, 211-242. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Sanders, W. L., Rivers, J. C. (1996). Cumulative and residual effects of teachers on future student academic achievement (Research report). Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Value Added Research and Assessment Center. Google Scholar | |
|
Sowell, T. (2000). Teachers’ unions try to maintain their stranglehold. Insight on the News, 16(42), 45. Google Scholar | |
|
Stoelinga, S. R. (2011). Pressuring teachers to leave: Honest talk about how principals use harassing supervision. Kappan, 92(4), 57-60. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Stossel, J. (2006). How to fire an incompetent teacher. Reason, 38(5), 50-55. Google Scholar | |
|
Stronge, J. H. (n.d.). Teacher evaluation and school improvement: Improving the educational landscape. Retrieved from http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/7808_Stronge01.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Stronge, J. H. (2002). Qualities of effective teachers. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Google Scholar | |
|
Stronge, J. H., Hindman, J. L. (2003). Hiring the best teachers. Educational Leadership, 60(8), 48-52. Google Scholar | |
|
Stronge, J. H., Ward, T. J., Grant, L. W. (2011). What makes good teachers good? A cross-case analysis of the connection between teacher effectiveness and student achievement. Journal of Teacher Education, 62, 339-355. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Stronge, J. H., Ward, T. J., Tucker, P. D., Hindman, J. L. (2008). What is the relationship between teacher quality and student achievement? An exploratory study. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 20, 165-184. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Torff, B., Sessions, D. N. (2005). Principals’ perceptions of the causes of teacher ineffectiveness. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97, 530-537. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Tucker, P. D. (1997). Lake Wobegon: Where all teachers are competent (or, have we come to terms with the problem of incompetent teachers?). Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 11, 103-126. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
U.S. Department of Education . (1993). America’s teachers: Profile of a profession. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs93/93025.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Waters, J. T., Marzano, R. J. (2008). The primacy of superintendent leadership. Note Perspectives: School Improvement. Retrieved from http://www.mcrel.org/~/media/Files/McREL/Homepage/Products/01_99/prod61_NW_School_Improvement.ashx Google Scholar | |
|
Weisberg, D., Sexton, S., Mulhern, J., Keeling, D. (2010). The widget effect: Our national failure to acknowledge and act on differences in teacher effectiveness. Retrieved from http://widgeteffect.org/downloads/TheWidgetEffect.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Wise, A. E., Darling-Hammond, L., McLaughlin, M. W., Bernstein, H. T. (1984). Teacher evaluation: A study of effective practices. Santa Monica, CA: Rand. Google Scholar | |
|
Wragg, E. C., Haynes, G. S., Wragg, C. M., Chamberlin, R. P. (1999, April). The role of the head teacher (school principal) in addressing the problem of incompetent teachers. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal, Canada. Google Scholar | |
|
Wright, S. P., Horn, S. P., Sanders, W. L. (1997). Teacher and classroom context effects on student achievement: Implications for teacher evaluation. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 11, 57-67. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Wyoming Education Association . (n.d.). Legal representation. Retrieved from http://wyoea.org/home/250.htm Google Scholar | |
|
Yariv, E. (2004). “Challenging” teachers. Educational Management Administration Quarterly, 32, 149-169. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Zepeda, S. J. (2007). Instructional supervision: Applying tools and concepts (2nd ed.). Larchmont, NY: Eye on Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Zepeda, S. J. (2012). Instructional supervision: Applying tools and concepts (3rd ed.). Larchmont, NY: Eye on Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Zirkel, P. (2010). Teacher tenure is not the real problem. Kappan, 92(1), 76-77. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals |

