Abstract
In this article, case studies of teacher interventions in the composing processes of school students aged 11-14 in generalist music classes are described and discussed. The study finds that music teachers have developed their own strategies for formative assessment, unaware that these are valorized by external agencies.
Keywords assessment, composing, general music, learning, teaching
|
Assessment Reform Group . (ARG, 1999). Assessment for learning - Beyond the black box. Cambridge: University of Cambridge School of Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Barrett, M. (1998). Researching children’s compositional processes and products. In B. Sundin , G. McPherson , & G. Folkestad (Eds.), Children composing. Malmö: Musikhögskolan i Malmö. Google Scholar | |
|
Berkley, R. (2001). Why is teaching composing so challenging? A survey of classroom observation and teachers’ opinions. British Journal of Music Education, 18(2), 119-138. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Black, P. , Harrison, C. , Lee, C. , Marshall, B. , & Wiliam, D. (2003). Assessment for learning: Putting it into practice. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Burnard, P. (2000a). Examining experiential differences between improvisation and composition in children’s music-making. British Journal of Music Education, 17(3), 227-245. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Burnard, P. (2000b). How children ascribe meaning to improvisation and composition. Music Education Research, 2(1), 7-23. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Burnard, P. , & Younker, B. A. (2002). Mapping pathways: Fostering creativity in composition. Music Education Research, 4(2), 245-261. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Byrne, C. , & Sheridan, M. (2001). The Scarlatti papers: Development of an action research project in music. British Journal of Music Education, 18(2), 173-185. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Byrne, C. , Halliday, J. , Sheridan, M. , Soden, R. , & Hunter, S. (2001). Thinking music matters: Key skills and composition. Music Education Research, 3(1), 63-75. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Byrne, C. , MacDonald, R. A. R. , & Carlton, L. (2003). Assessing creativity in musical compositions: The importance of flow. British Journal of Music Education, 20(3), 277-290. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Cook, N. (1990). Music, imagination and culture. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Davies, C. (1992). Listen to my song: A study of songs invented by children aged 5 to 7 years. British Journal of Music Education, 9, 19-48. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Deliège, I. , & Sloboda, J. (1996). (Eds.) Musical beginnings. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
DeLorenzo, L. (1989). A field study of 6th Grade students’ creative music problem-solving processes. Journal of Research in Music Education, 37(3), 188-200. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Department for Education and Skills/Qualifications and Curriculum Authority . (DfES/QCA, 1999). The National Curriculum - Music. Norwich: HMSO. Google Scholar | |
|
Fautley, M. (1999). The composing labyrinth: Pupil composing in the secondary school. Stoke: Trentham Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Folkestad, G. , Lindström, B. , & Hargreaves, D. J. (1997). Young people’s music in the digital age. Research Studies in Music Education, 9, 1-12. Google Scholar | |
|
Glover, J. (2000). Children composing 4-14. London: Routledge Farmer. Google Scholar | |
|
Green, L. (1990). The Assessment of composition: Style and experience. British Journal of Music Education, 7(3), 191-196. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hargreaves, D. , Galton, M. J. , & Robinson, S. (1996). Teachers’ assessment of primary children’s classroom work in the creative arts. Educational Researcher, 38(2), 199-211. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Harris, D. , & Paterson, A. (2002). (Eds.) How are you doing? Learning and assessment in music. Matlock: National Association of Music Educators. Google Scholar | |
|
Hibbert, P. (1989). Assessing listening skills in music. In V. Treacher (Ed.), Classroom issues in assessment and evaluation in the arts. Reading: Berkshire Local Education Authority. Google Scholar | |
|
Hickey, M. (2000). The use of consensual assessment in the evaluation of children’s music compositions. In C. Woods , G. Luck , R. Brochard , F. Seddon , & J. Sloboda (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition. Keele: Keele University, Department of Psychology. Google Scholar | |
|
Hickey, M. (2001). More or less creative? A comparison of the composing processes and products of ‘highly creative’ and ‘less creative’ children composers. Paper presented at the 2nd International Research in Music Education Conference, Exeter, UK. Google Scholar | |
|
Kaschub, M. (1997). A comparison of two composer-guided large group composition projects. Research Studies in Music Education (June/July), 15-28. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Kennedy, M. (1999). Where does the music come from? A comparison case-study of the compositional processes of a high-school and collegiate composer. British Journal of Music Education, 16(2), 152-177. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kratus, J. (1994). The ways children compose. In H. Lees (Ed.), Musical connections: Tradition and change. Tampa, FL: ISME. Google Scholar | |
|
Lave, J. , & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Loane, B. (1984). Thinking about children’s compositions. British Journal of Music Education, 1(3), 205-231. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
London Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts . (LAMDA, 2004). Examination specification. Retrieved 6 June 2004 from www.lamda.org.uk/exams/specifications/8devised_performance.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
MacDonald, R. , & Byrne, C. (2002). Teaching strategies in the music classroom: The impact of Information and Communication Technologies. Music Education International, 1(1), 44-56. Google Scholar | |
|
Mellor, L. (2000). Listening language and assessment: The pupil’s perspective. British Journal of Music Education, 17(3), 247-263. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Miell, D. , & MacDonald, R. (2000). Children’s creative collaborations. Social Development, 9(3), 348-369. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Mills, J. (1991). Music in the primary school. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Mills, J. (1996). Starting at secondary school. British Journal of Music Education, 11(1), 191-196. Google Scholar | |
|
Neesom, A. (2000). Report on teachers’ perceptions of formative assessment. London: QCA. Google Scholar | |
|
Odam, G. (2000). The creative dream: High Wycombe: National Association of Music Educators. Google Scholar | |
|
Office for Standards in Education . (Ofsted, 2003). Good assessment practice in music (HMI 1479). London: Ofsted. Google Scholar | |
|
Paynter, J. (2002). Music in the school curriculum: Why bother? British Journal of Music Education, 19(3), 215-226. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Pilsbury, C. , & Alston, P. (1996). Too fine a net to catch the fish? An investigation of the assessment of composition in GCSE Music. British Journal of Music Education, 13(3), 243-258. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Pitts, S. (2000). A century of change in music education. Aldershot: Ashgate. Google Scholar | |
|
Pressing, J. (1984). Cognitive processes in improvisation. In W. Crozier , & A. Chapman (Eds.), Cognitive processes in the perception of art (pp. 345-363). Amsterdam, Oxford: North-Holland. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Pressing, J. (1988). Improvisation: Methods and models. In J. Sloboda (Ed.), Generative processes in music (pp. 129-178). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Qualifications and Curriculum Authority . (QCA, 2001). National Curriculum in action - Progression in music. Retrieved 6 June 2004 from www.ncaction.org.uk/subjects/music/progress.htm Google Scholar | |
|
Sadler, D. (1989). Formative assessment and the design of instructional systems. Instructional Science, 18, 119-144. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Savage, J. , & Challis, M. (2002). Electroacoustic composition: Practical models of composition with new technologies. Sonic Arts Network Journal of Electroacoustic Music, 14, 8-13. Google Scholar | |
|
Seddon, F. , & O’Neill, S. (2001). Creative thinking processes in adolescent composition. Paper presented at the 2nd International Research in Music Education Conference, Exeter, UK. Google Scholar | |
|
Sefton-Green, J. (2000). Evaluating creativity. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Sloboda, J. (1985). The musical mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Sloboda, J. (1988). Generative processes in music. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Stauffer, S. L. (1999). Learning through composing. Council for Research in Music Education Bulletin, 142, 92. Google Scholar | |
|
Stauffer, S. L. (2001). Composing with computers: Meg makes music. Council for Research in Music Education Bulletin, 150, 1-20. Google Scholar | |
|
Stronach, I. , Corbin, B. , McNamara, O. , Stark, S. , & Warne, T. (2002). Towards an uncertain politics of professionalism: Teacher and nurse identities in flux. Journal of Education Policy, 17(1), 109-138. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Sundin, B. , McPherson, C. , & Folkestad, G. (1998). (Eds.) Children composing. Malmö: Musikhögskolan i Malmö. Google Scholar | |
|
Swanwick, K. , & Tillman, J. (1986). The sequence of musical development: A study of children’s compositions. British Journal of Music Education, 3(3), 305-309. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Wallas, G. (1926). The art of thought. London: Watts. Google Scholar | |
|
Webster, P. (1988). Creative thinking in music. In J. Gates (Ed.), Music Education in the United States. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Webster, P. (1992). Research on creative thinking in music. In R. Colwell (Ed.), Handbook of research on music teaching and learning. New York: Schirmer. Google Scholar | |
|
Webster, P. (2003). Asking music students to reflect on their creative work: Encouraging the revision process. Music Education Research, 5(3), 243-248. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Webster, P. , & Hickey, M. (1995). Rating scales and their use in assessing children’s music compositions. Quarterly Journal of Music Teaching and Learning, 6(4), 28-44. Google Scholar | |
|
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Wiggins, J. (1984). Children’s strategies for solving compositional problems with peers. Journal of Research in Music Education, 42, 232-252. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Wood, D. , Bruner, J. , & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, 89-100. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Younker, B. , & Smith, W. H. (1996). Comparing and modelling musical thought processes of expert and novice composers. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 128, 25-36. Google Scholar |

