Abstract
This article presents an experiment with a group of secondary school music students in Spain. We used music score sheets enriched with Quick Response codes as a resource for the practice required to play a musical instrument. The first group (n = 56) was compared with another group (n = 56) that used traditional resources (textbooks and compact discs). The results of the research supported the fact that the students who used QR codes associated with videos – read by using mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets – achieved better results than those who used more traditional resources. The analysis of variance test showed that the learning resource had a significant effect on the scores obtained by the students. In other words, the marks of the students participating in the study varied significantly according to the resource used. There was no significant effect on the interaction of method and gender, so there is no relation between the students’ gender and the resources’ impact on the results obtained by students.
|
Alsadoon, E., Alsadoon, H. (2015). The Impact of Using Mobile Phones on the Educational Discussions. Paper presented at the Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (Vol. 2015, No. 1, pp. 1562–1567), Las Vegas, NV. Google Scholar | |
|
Bergmann, J., Sams, A. (2012). Flip Your Classroom: Reach Every Student, in Every Class, Every Time. Washington, DC: International Society for Technology in Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Blaxter, L., Hughes, C., Tight, M. (2005). How an investigation is done [Cómo se hace una investigación]. Barcelona, Spain: Gedisa. Google Scholar | |
|
Bonifácio, V. D. B. (2012). QR-coded audio periodic table of elements: A mobile-learning tool. Journal of Chemical Education, 89(4), 552–554. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Callaghan, J. (1998). Singing teachers and voice science: An evaluation of voice teaching in Australian tertiary institutions. Research Studies in Music Education, 10, 25–41. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Chen, N. S., Teng, D. C., Lee, C. H., Kinshuk. (2011). Augmenting paper-based reading activity with direct access to digitals materials and scaffolded questioning. Computers & Education, 57(2), 1705–1715. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Chen, X., Choi, J. (2010). Designing online collaborative location-aware platform for history learning. Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange, 3(1), 13–26. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Clark, R. E., Salomon, G. (1985). Media in teaching. In Wittrock, M. (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Teaching (Vol. III, pp. 464–478). New York, NY: McMillan. Google Scholar | |
|
Denk, M., Weber, M., Belfin, R. (2007). Mobile learning: Challenges and potentials. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 1(2), 122–139. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
DeSantis, J., van Curen, R., Putsch, J., Metzger, J. (2015). Do students learn more from a flip? An exploration of the efficacy of flipped and traditional lessons. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 26(1), 39–63. Google Scholar | |
|
Flumerfelt, S., Green, G. (2013). Using lean in the flipped classroom for at-risk students. Educational Technology & Society, 16(1), 356–366. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Grant, C. (2013). First inversion: A rationale for implementing the ‘flipped approach’ in tertiary music courses. Australian Journal of Music Education, 1, 3–12. Google Scholar | |
|
Hsi, S. (2003). A study of user experiences mediated by nomadic web content in a museum. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 19, 308–319. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hwang, G. J., Wu, C. H., Tseng, J. C., Huang, I. (2011). Development of a ubiquitous learning platform based on a real-time help-seeking mechanism. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42(6), 992–1002. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Jørgensen, H. (2004). Strategies for individual practice. In Williamon, A. (Ed.), Music Excellence: Strategies and Techniques to Enhance Performance (pp. 85–103). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Juslin, P. N., Laukka, P. (2004). Expression, perception, and induction of musical emotions: A review and a questionnaire study of everyday listening. Journal of New Music Research, 32(3), 217–238. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kester, L., Kirschner, P. A., van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2004). Timing of information presentation in learning statistics. Instructional Science, 32(3), 235–252. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Liu, T. Y., Tan, T. H., Chu, Y. L. (2010). QR code and augmented reality: Supported mobile English learning system. In Jiang, X., Ma, M. Y., Chen, C. W. (Eds.), Mobile Multimedia Processing: Fundamentals, Methods, and Applications (pp. 37–52). Berlin, Germany: Springer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lowe, G. (2012). Lessons for teachers: What lower secondary school students tell us about learning a musical instrument. International Journal of Music Education, 30(3), 227–243. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Mason, G. S., Shuman, T. R., Cook, K. E. (2013). Comparing the effectiveness of an inverted classroom to a traditional classroom in an upper-division engineering course. IEEE Transactions on Education, 56(4), 430–435. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Mattis, K. V. (2015). Flipped classroom versus traditional textbook instruction: Assessing accuracy and mental effort at different levels of mathematical complexity. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 20, 231–248. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Palazón-Herrera, J., Giráldez, A. (2014). Podcasting and instrumental practice in secondary school music classes. Journal of Music, Technology & Education, 7(2), 163–180. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Sharma, V. (2013). QR codes in education: A study on innovative approach in classroom teaching. Journal of Research & Method in Education, 3(1), 62–70. Google Scholar | |
|
Skeele, R. (2013). QR codes: Repurposing technologies into assistive technologies. In McBride, R., Searson, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of SITE 2013—Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 4060–4067). New Orleans, LA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Google Scholar | |
|
Tatar, D., Roschelle, J. M., Vahey, P., Penuel, W. R. (2003). Handhelds go to school: Lessons learned. IEEE Computer, 36(9), 30–37. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Úriz, M. J., Ballestero, A., Viscarret, J. J., Ursúa, N. (2006). Methodology for Research [Metodología para la Investigación]. Pamplona, Spain: Eunate. Google Scholar | |
|
Vandi, C., Djebbari, E. (2011). How to create new services between library resources, museum exhibitions and virtual collections. Library Hi Tech News, 28(2), 15–19. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Wardrobe, K. (2013). QR Codes in Music Education. Retrieved from http://soundhouse.org.au/packages/qr-codes-in-music-education/. Google Scholar | |
|
Young, V., Burwell, K., Pickup, D. (2003). Areas of study and teaching strategies in instrumental teaching: A case study research project. Music Education Research, 5, 139–155. Google Scholar | Crossref |


