Abstract
In this study, we tested two competing explanations of the previously established link between early female puberty and sexual harassment in early adolescence. The sample included 680 seventh-grade Swedish girls (Mage = 13.40, SD = .53). Findings revealed that looking more sexually mature and being sexually active mediated the link between pubertal timing and sexual harassment. The magnitude of the indirect effect through sexually mature appearance was greater than that through engagement in sexual behaviors. Apparently, early-maturing girls are sexually harassed as a result of natural and normative sexual development, which happens earlier than for most of their peers. The findings have clear implications for prevention of sexual harassment in adolescence.
|
Boynton-Jarrett, R., Wright, R. J., Putnam, F. W., Hibert, E. L., Michels, K. B., Forman, M. R., Rich-Edwards, J. (2013). Childhood abuse and age at menarche. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52, 241-247. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.06.006 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Bramsen, R. H., Lasgaard, M., Koss, M. P., Elklit, A., Banner, J. (2012). Adolescent sexual victimization: A prospective study on risk factors for first time sexual assault. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 21, 521-526. doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0290-9 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Chiodo, D., Wolfe, D. A., Crooks, C., Hughes, R., Jaffe, P. (2009). Impact of sexual harassment victimization by peers on subsequent adolescent victimization and adjustment: A longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45, 246-252. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.01.006 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning . (2014). Organization web page. Available from http://www.casel.org/ Google Scholar | |
|
Collins, W. A., Welsh, D. P., Furman, W. (2009). Adolescent romantic relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 631-652. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163459 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Compian, L. J., Gowen, L. K., Hayward, C. (2009). The interactive effects of puberty and peer victimization on weight concerns and depression symptoms among early adolescent girls. Journal of Early Adolescence, 29, 357-375. doi:10.1177/0272431608323656 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Craig, W. M., Pepler, D. J., Connolly, J., Henderson, K. (2001). Developmental context of peer harassment in early adolescence: The role of puberty and the peer group. In Juvonen, J., Graham, S. (Eds.), Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and the victimized (pp. 242-262). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Dahinten, V. S. (2003). Peer sexual harassment in adolescence: The function of gender. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35, 56-73. Google Scholar | Medline | |
|
Dorn, L. D., Biro, F. M. (2011). Puberty and its measurement: A decade in review. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 180-195. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00722.x Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Dorn, L. D., Sontag-Padilla, L. M., Pabst, S., Tissot, A., Susman, E. J. (2013). Longitudinal reliability of self-reported age at menarche in adolescent girls: Variability across time and setting. Developmental Psychology, 49, 1187-1193. doi:10.1037/a0029424 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Finkelhor, D., Shattuck, A., Turner, H. A., Hamby, S. L. (2014). The lifetime prevalence of child sexual abuse and sexual assault assessed in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 329-333. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.12.026 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Fredrickson, B. L., Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory: Towards understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 79-101. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Galambos, N. L., Kolaric, G. C., Sears, H. A., Maggs, J. L. (1999). Adolescents’ subjective age: An indicator of perceived maturity. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 9, 309-337. doi:10.1207/s15327795jra0903_4 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Goldstein, S. E., Malanchuk, O., Davis-Kean, P. E., Eccles, J. S. (2007). Risk factors of sexual harassment by peers: A longitudinal investigation of African American and European American adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, 285-300. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00523.x Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gruber, J. E., Fineran, S. (2008). Comparing the impact of bullying and sexual harassment victimization on the mental and physical health of adolescents. Sex Roles, 59, 1-13. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9431-5 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hand, J. Z., Sanchez, L. (2000). Badgering or bantering? Gender differences in experiences of, and reactions to, sexual harassment among U.S. high school students. Gender & Society, 14, 718-746. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Haynie, D. L., Piquero, A. R. (2006). Pubertal development and physical victimization in adolescence. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 43, 3-35. doi:10.1177/0022427805280069 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Hu, L., Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kennair, L. E. O., Bendixen, M. (2012). Sociosexuality as predictor of sexual harassment and coercion in female and male high school students. Evolution & Human Behavior, 33, 479-490. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.01.001 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Koss, M. P. (1985). The hidden rape victim: Personality, attitudinal, and situational characteristics. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 9, 193-212. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1985.tb00872.x Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lam, T. H., Shi, H. J., Ho, L. M., Stewart, S. M., Fan, S. (2002). Timing of pubertal maturation and heterosexual behavior among Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 359-366. doi:10.1023/A:1016228427210 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Lee, V. E., Croninger, R. G., Linn, E., Chen, X. (1996). The culture of sexual harassment in secondary schools. American Educational Research Journal, 33, 383-417. doi:10.3102/00028312033002383 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lichty, L. F., Campbell, R. (2012). Targets and witnesses: Middle school students’ sexual harassment experiences. Journal of Early Adolescence, 32, 414-430. doi:10.1177/0272431610396090 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lindberg, S. M., Grabe, S., Hyde, J. S. (2007). Gender, pubertal development, and peer sexual harassment predict objectified body consciousness in early adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, 723-742. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00544.x Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Little, R. J., Rubin, D. B. (2002). Statistical analysis with missing data (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Llewellyn, N., Rudolph, K. D., Roisman, G. I. (2012). Other-sex relationship stress and sex differences in the contribution of puberty to depression. Journal of Early Adolescence, 32, 824-850. doi:10.1177/0272431611429945 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
MacKinnon, D. P., Lickwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7, 83-104. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.83 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Marshall, S. K., Faaborg-Andersen, P., Tilton-Weaver, L. C., Stattin, H. (2013). Peer sexual harassment and deliberate self-injury: Longitudinal cross-lag investigations in Canada and Sweden. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53, 717-722. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.06.009 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Marshall, S. K., Tilton-Weaver, L. C., Stattin, H. (2013). Non-suicidal self-injury and depressive symptoms during middle adolescence: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 1234-1242. doi: 10.1007/s10964-013-9919-3 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
McMaster, L., Connolly, J., Pepler, D. J., Craig, W. M. (2002). Peer to peer sexual harassment among early adolescents. Developmental Psychopathology, 14, 91-105. doi:10.1017/S0954579402001050 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Mendle, J., Turkheimer, E., Emery, R. E. (2007). Detrimental psychological outcomes associated with early pubertal timing in adolescent girls. Developmental Review, 27, 151-171. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.11.001 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Mohler-Kuo, M., Landolt, M., Maier, T., Meidert, U., Schoenbucher, V., Schnyder, U. (2013). Child sexual abuse revisited: A population-based cross-sectional study among Swiss adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54, 304-311. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.08.020 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Murnen, S., Smolak, L. (2000). The experience of sexual harassment among grade-school students: Early socialization of female subordination? Sex Roles, 43, 1-17. doi:10.1023/A:1007007727370 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Muthén, L. K., Muthén, B. O. (1998-2010). Mplus user’s guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Ostovich, J. M., Sabini, J. (2005). Timing of puberty and sexuality in men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 197-206. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-1797-7 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Ott, M. (2010). Examining the development and sexual behavior of adolescent males. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46, S3-S11. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.01.017 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Pellegrini, A. D. (2001). A longitudinal study of heterosexual relationships, aggression, and sexual harassment during the transition from primary school through middle school. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 1-15. doi:10.1016/S0193-3973(01)00072-7 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Pellegrini, A. D. (2002). Bullying, victimization, and sexual harassment during the transition to middle school. Educational Psychologist, 37, 151-163. doi:10.1207/S15326985EP3703_2 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Petersen, A. C., Crockett, L., Richards, M., Boxer, A. (1988). A self-report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity, and initial norms. Journal of Adolescence, 17, 117-133. doi:10.1007/BF01537962 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Petersen, J. L., Hyde, J. S. (2009). A longitudinal investigation of peer sexual harassment victimization in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 1173-1188. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.01.011 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Petersen, J. L., Hyde, J. S. (2013). Peer sexual harassment and disordered eating in early adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 49, 184-195. doi:10.1037/a0028247 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Preacher, K. J., Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Remez, L. (2000). Oral sex among adolescents: Is it sex or is it abstinence? Family Planning Perspectives, 32, 298-304. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Rice, C. (2014). Becoming women: The embodied self in image culture. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Schafer, J. L., Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147-177. doi:10.1037//1082-989X.7.2.147 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Schreck, C. J., Burek, M. W., Stewart, E. A., Miller, J. M. (2007). Distress and violent victimization among young adolescents: Early puberty and the social interactionist explanation. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 44, 381-405. doi:10.1177/0022427807305851 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
The Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States . (2014). Organization web page. Available from http://siecus.org/ Google Scholar | |
|
Shute, R., Owens, L., Slee, P. (2008). Everyday victimization of adolescent girls by boys: Sexual harassment, bullying, or aggression? Sex Roles, 58, 477-489. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9363-5 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Skoog, T., Stattin, H. (2014). Why and under which contextual conditions do early maturing girls develop problem behaviors? Child Development Perspectives, 8, 158-162. doi:10.1111/cdep.12076 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Skoog, T., Stattin, H., Ruiselova, Z., Özdemir, M. (2013). Female pubertal timing and problem behavior: The role of culture. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 37, 357-365. doi:10.1177/0165025413486761 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Google Scholar | |
|
Tanner, J. M. (1978). Foetus into man: Physical growth from conception to maturity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Tolman, D. L., McClelland, S. I. (2011). Normative sexuality development in adolescence: A decade in review, 2000-2009. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 242-255. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00726.x Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Vicary, J. R., Klingaman, L. R., Harkness, W. L. (1995). Risk factors associated with date rape and sexual assault of adolescent girls. Journal of Adolescence, 18, 289-306. doi:10.1006/jado.1995.1020 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Witkowska, E., Gådin, K. G. (2005). Have you been sexually harassed in school? What female high school students regard as harassment. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 17, 391-406. doi:10.1515/IJAMH.2005.17.4.391 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline |

