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Abstract
Identifying factors that influence adolescents’ decisions to start smoking is necessary to improve interventions for reducing tobacco use. The current longitudinal study was designed to determine the direction of influence between feelings of invulnerability to harm and cigarette smoking, and to test whether the perceived risks and benefits of smoking mediate the relationship between invulnerability and smoking. Participants were 228 adolescents (57% female; = 14 years) recruited from 9th grade classrooms, who completed questionnaires during class every 6 months through the end of 10th grade. Invulnerability predicted smoking behavior, but not vice versa. These effects became non-significant after controlling for friends’ smoking behavior. Perceived benefits of smoking, but not perceived risks, mediated the relationship between invulnerability and smoking behavior (ab = .03, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [.004, .078]). Adolescents who feel invulnerable to physical danger may be more likely to smoke in part because they perceive more benefits associated with smoking.
Keywords cigarette, smoking, adolescents, invulnerability, decision making
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Author Biographies
Holly E. R. Morrell is an assistant professor in the Department of Psychology at Loma Linda University. She earned her PhD in clinical psychology from Texas Tech University and completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of California, San Francisco. Her research focuses on preventing smoking initiation among adolescents and understanding the connection between anxiety and smoking among adults.
Daniel K. Lapsley, PhD, is the ACE collegiate professor and chair of the Department of Psychology at the University of Notre Dame. He earned his PhD in educational psychology from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. His major research interests are in adolescent social cognitive and personality development, and moral development and education.
Bonnie L. Halpern-Felsher is a professor of pediatrics in the Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, at Stanford University. She earned her PhD in developmental psychology at the University of California, Riverside. Her research focuses on cognitive and psychosocial factors involved in health-related decision making, perceptions of risk and vulnerability, health communication, and risk behavior in adolescents.
