![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
Mounting research supports that co-rumination, the tendency to seek peer support by engaging in extensive negatively focused discussion, is a risk factor for adolescent psychopathology. It is unclear, though, how this interpersonal tendency develops. Parental responses to adolescents’ negative affect likely shape how youth utilize peer relationships to regulate distress, as they shift to reliance on peer support during this developmental stage. For example, nonsupportive parental responses may fail to instill healthy regulation strategies, resulting in ineffective forms of peer support, such as co-rumination. Conversely, high levels of supportive parental responses to adolescents’ negative affect may motivate youth to also express more negative affect with peers, leading to co-rumination. Eighty-nine healthy adolescents (9-17) and their mothers completed surveys and a support-seeking interaction. Only supportive maternal responses, including maternal affection, were associated with adolescents’ co-rumination. These analyses indicate that some forms of parental support are associated with adolescents’ tendency to co-ruminate.
References
Section:
|
American Psychiatric Association . (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Angold, A., Erkanli, A., Silberg, J., Eaves, L., Costello, E. J. (2002). Depression scale scores in 8-17 year-olds: Effects of age and gender. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 1052-1063. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Bukowski, W. M., Newcomb, A. F., Hartup, W. W. (Eds.). (1996). The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Cassidy, J., Shaver, P. R. (1999). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Connor-Smith, J. K., Compas, B. E., Wadsworth, M. E., Thomsen, A. H., Saltzman, H. (2000). Responses to stress in adolescence: Measurement of coping and involuntary stress response. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 976-992. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Denham, S. A. (1993). Maternal emotional responsiveness and toddlers’ social-emotional competence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 715-728. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 241-273. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A. (1994). Mothers’ reactions to children’s negative emotions: Relations to children’s temperament and anger behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 138-156. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Carlo, G., Karbon, M. (1992). Emotional responsivity to others: Behavioral correlates and socialization antecedents. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 1992, 57-73. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Murphy, B. C. (1996). Parents’ reactions to children’s negative emotions: Relations to children’s social competence and comforting behavior. Child Development, 67, 2227-2247. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Eisenberg, N., Morris, A. S. (2002). Children’s emotion-related regulation. In Reese, H., Kail, R. (Eds.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 30, pp. 189-229). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Furman, W., Buhrmester, D. (1992). Age and sex differences in perceptions of networks of personal relationships. Child Development, 63, 103-115. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Gadow, K. D., Sprafkin, J. (1998a). Adolescent Symptom Inventory-4 norms manual. Stony Brook, NY: Checkmate Plus. Google Scholar | |
|
Gadow, K. D., Sprafkin, J. (1998b). Child Symptom Inventory-4 screening manual. Stony Brook, NY: Checkmate Plus. Google Scholar | |
|
Gilliom, M., Shaw, D. S., Beck, J. E., Schonberg, M. A., Lukon, J. L. (2002). Anger regulation in disadvantaged preschool boys: Strategies, antecedents, and the development of self-control. Developmental Psychology, 38, 222-235. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Goodman, S. H. (2007). Depression in mothers. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 107-135. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., Hooven, C. (1996a). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), 243. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gottman, J. M., McCoy, K., Coan, J., Collier, H. (1996). The specific affect coding system (SPAFF) for observing emotional communication in marital and family interaction. In Gottman, J. M. (Ed.), What predicts divorce (pp. 112-195). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Hankin, B. L., Stone, L. B., Wright, P. A. (2010). Co-rumination, interpersonal stress generation, and internalizing symptoms: Accumulating effects and transactional influences in a multi-wave study of adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 217-235. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Jose, P. E., Wilkins, H., Spendelow, J. S. (2012). Does social anxiety predict rumination and co-rumination among adolescents? Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41, 86-91. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Ryan, N. (1996). Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). Pittsburgh, PA: Western Psychiatric Institute. Google Scholar | |
|
Klimes-Dougan, B., Brand, A. E., Garside, R. B. (2001, August). Factor structure, reliability, and validation of an emotion socialization scale. In O’Neal, C. (Chair), Multiple approaches to emotion socialization: Methodology and emotional development. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA. Google Scholar | |
|
Klimes-Dougan, B., Brand, A. E., Zahn-Waxler, C., Usher, B., Hastings, P. D., Kendziora, K., Garside, R. B. (2007). Parental emotion socialization in adolescence: Differences in sex, age and problem status. Social Development, 16, 326-342. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Little, R. J. A., Rubin, D. B. (1987). Statistical analysis with missing data. New York, NY: John Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Magai, C. (1996). Emotions as a child. Brooklyn, NY: Long Island University. Google Scholar | |
|
Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16, 361-388. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Mount, K. S., Crockenberg, S. C., Jó, P. S., Wagar, J. L. (2010). Maternal and child correlates of anxiety in 2½-year-old children. Infant Behavior & Development, 33, 567-578. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Roberts, W., Strayer, J. (1987). Parents’ responses to the emotional distress of their children: Relations with children’s competence. Developmental Psychology, 23, 415-432. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Rose, A. J. (2002). Co-rumination in the friendships of boys and girls. Child Development, 73, 1830-1843. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Rose, A. J., Carlson, W., Waller, E. M. (2007). Prospective associations of co-rumination with friendship and emotional adjustment: Considering the socioemotional trade-offs of co-rumination. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1019-1031. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Schafer, J. L., Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147-177. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Schwartz, O. S., Byrne, M. L., Simmons, J. G., Whittle, S., Dudgeon, P., Yap, M. B., Allen, N. B. (2014). Parenting during early adolescence and adolescent-onset major depression a 6-year prospective longitudinal study. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 272-286. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Schwartz, O. S., Dudgeon, P., Sheeber, L. B., Yap, M. B., Simmons, J. G., Allen, N. B. (2012). Parental behaviors during family interactions predict changes in depression and anxiety symptoms during adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 59-71. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Sheeber, L., Allen, N., Davis, B., Sorensen, E. (2000). Regulation of negative affect during mother–child problem-solving interactions: Adolescent depressive status and family processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 467-479. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Shortt, J. W., Stoolmiller, M., Smith-Shine, J. N., Eddy, J. M., Sheeber, L. (2010). Maternal emotion coaching, adolescent anger regulation, and siblings’ externalizing symptoms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 799-808. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Silk, J. S., Shaw, D. S., Prout, J. T., O’Rourke, F., Lane, T. J., Kovacs, M. (2011). Socialization of emotion and offspring internalizing symptoms in mothers with childhood-onset depression. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32, 127-136. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Snyder, J., Stoolmiller, M., Wilson, M., Yamamoto, M. (2003). Child anger regulation, parental responses to children’s anger displays, and early child antisocial behavior. Social Development, 12, 335-360. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Stone, L. B., Gibb, B. E. (2015). Brief report: Preliminary evidence that co-rumination fosters adolescents’ depression risk by increasing rumination. Journal of Adolescence, 38, 1-4. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Stone, L. B., Hankin, B. L., Gibb, B. E., Abela, J. R. (2011). Co-rumination predicts the onset of depressive disorders during adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 752-757. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 25-52. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Tompkins, T. L., Hockett, A. R., Abraibesh, N., Witt, J. L. (2011). A closer look at co-rumination: Gender, coping, peer functioning and internalizing/externalizing problems. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 801-811. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Waller, J. M., Silk, J. S., Stone, L. B., Dahl, R. E. (2014). Co-rumination and co-problem-solving in the daily lives of adolescents with major depressive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53, 869-878. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Whitmer, A. J., Gotlib, I. H. (2013). An attentional scope model of rumination. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 1036-1061. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Yap, M. B., Allen, N. B., Ladouceur, C. D. (2008). Maternal socialization of positive affect: The impact of invalidation on adolescent emotion regulation and depressive symptomatology. Child Development, 79, 1415-1431. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI |
