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Abstract
We examined the links between perceived parental use of social and material rewards and prosocial behaviors across youth from two countries. Six hundred forty adolescents (297 girls; age = 15.32 years) from Valencia, Spain, and 552 adolescents (321 girls; age = 13.38 years) from the United States completed measures of their perceptions of parental use of rewards, prosocial behaviors, and empathy. Results generally showed that perceived use of social rewards was directly and indirectly positively related to prosocial behaviors via empathic tendencies. In contrast, perceived use of material rewards was directly and indirectly negatively related to prosocial behaviors via empathic tendencies. There were significant differences such that material rewards had relatively more significant relations to prosocial behaviors in U.S. youth than in Spanish youth. Discussion focuses on the generalizability of parenting and prosocial development models across cultures and the relative links of social versus material rewards to prosocial behaviors.
Keywords prosocial behaviors, culture, parenting, adolescents, empathy
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Author Biographies
Gustavo Carlo is the Millsap Professor of Diversity and Multicultural Studies at the University of Missouri. His main research interest is in prosocial and moral behaviors in children and adolescents, particularly on the personality, parenting, and sociocultural correlates of prosocial behaviors.
Paula Samper is a Professor in the Department of Basic Psychology at the Universitat de Valencia, Spain. Her research interests are in parenting, peers, morality, and adolescents’ development.
Elisabeth Malonda is a PhD Student in the Department of Basic Psychology at the Universitat de Valencia, Spain. Her research interests are in adolescent development, sex roles, delinquency, and moral development.
Ana M. Tur-Porcar is a Professor in the Department of Basic Psychology at the Universitat de Valencia, Spain. Her research interests include parenting, moral development, and adolescents’ development.
Alexandra Davis is a Doctoral Candidate in the Department of Human Development and Family Science at the University of Missouri. She is an expert on contextual, interpersonal, and culture-related stressors, and prosocial and moral development.
