Abstract
This longitudinal qualitative investigation considered youth disclosure to parents about friends as well as parents’ responses to such disclosure across the transition to middle school. African American and European American youth participated in qualitative interviews regarding their disclosure to parents about friendships in three consecutive years spanning the transition to middle school. Coding was completed in a two-step process that started with identifying themes regarding disclosure about friends as they reflected the experiences of all youth. Second, global categorizations of disclosure patterns during each year were used to categorize participants into four groups: stable complete disclosers, stable partial disclosures, increasing disclosers, and decreasing disclosers. We then identified themes regarding disclosure about friends as they distinguished these disclosure groups. Findings indicated that adolescent disclosure to parents about friends is embedded within the nature of adolescents’ relationships with parents and the manner in which parents respond to adolescent disclosure episodes across time.
|
Almas, A. N., Grusec, J. E., Tackett, J. L. (2011). Children’s disclosure and secrecy: Links to maternal parenting characteristics and children’s coping skills. Social Development, 20, 624-643. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2010.00602.x Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Chaparro, M. P., Grusec, J. E. (2015). Parent and adolescent intentions to disclose and links to positive social behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 29, 49-58. doi:10.1037/fam0000040 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Criss, M. M., Lee, T. K., Morris, A. S., Cui, L., Bosler, C. D., Shreffler, K. M., Silk, J. S. (2015). Link between monitoring behavior and adolescent adjustment: An analysis of direct and indirect effects. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 668-678. doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9877-0 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Crouter, A. C., Bumpus, M. F., Davis, K. D., McHale, S. M. (2005). How do parents learn about adolescents’ experiences? Implications for parental knowledge and adolescent risky behavior. Child Development, 76, 869-882. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Crouter, A. C., McHale, S. M. (1993). Temporal rhythms in family life: Seasonal variation in the relation between parental work and family processes. Developmental Psychology, 29, 198-205. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Cumsille, P., Darling, N., Martínez, M. L. (2010). Shading the truth: The patterning of adolescents’ decisions to avoid issues, disclose, or lie to parents. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 285-296. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.10.008 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Daddis, C., Randolph, D. (2010). Dating and disclosure: Adolescent management of information regarding romantic involvement. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 309-320. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.05.002 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Darling, N., Cumsille, P., Caldwell, L. L., Dowdy, B. (2006). Predictors of adolescents’ disclosure to parents and perceived parental knowledge: Between- and within-person differences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 667-678. doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9058-1 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hollingshead, A. (1975). Four factor index of social status. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Sociology, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Google Scholar | |
|
Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E. (2011). Monitoring the future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2010. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Google Scholar | |
|
Keijsers, L., Laird, R. D. (2010). Introduction to special issue. Careful conversations: Adolescents managing their parents’ access to information. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 255-259. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.10.009 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Kerr, M., Stattin, H. (2000). What parents know, how they know it, and several forms of adolescent adjustment: Further support for a reinterpretation of monitoring. Developmental Psychology, 36, 366-380. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.3.366 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Kerr, M., Stattin, H., Burk, W. J. (2010). A reinterpretation of parental monitoring in longitudinal perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20, 39-64. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00623 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kerr, M., Stattin, H., Trost, K. (1999). To know you is to trust you: Parents’ trust is rooted in child disclosure of information. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 737-752. doi:10.1006/jado.1999.0266 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Knight, G. P., Gonzales, N. A., Saenz, D. S., Bonds, D. D., Germán, M., Deardorff, J., . . . Updegraff, K. A. (2010). The Mexican American cultural values scales for adolescents and adults. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 30, 444-481. doi:10.1177/0272431609338178 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Larson, R., Richards, M. H. (1991). Daily companionship in late childhood and early adolescence: Changing developmental contexts. Child Development, 62, 284-300. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Marshall, S. K., Tilton-Weaver, L. C., Bosdet, L. (2005). Information management: Considering adolescents’ regulation of parental knowledge. Journal of Adolescence, 28, 633-647. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.08.008 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Nucci, L., Smetana, J., Araki, N., Nakaue, M., Comer, J. (2014). Japanese adolescents’ disclosure and information management with parents. Child Development, 85, 901-907. doi:10.1111/cdev.12174 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Oudekerk, B. A., Allen, J. P., Hessel, E. T., Molloy, L. E. (2015). The cascading development of autonomy and relatedness from adolescence to adulthood. Child Development, 86, 472-485. doi:10.1111/cdev.12313 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Racz, S. J., McMahon, R. J. (2011). The relationship between parental knowledge and monitoring and child and adolescent conduct problems: A 10-year update. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 377-398. doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0099-y Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., Bowker, J. C. (2015). Children in peer groups. In Bornstein, M., Leventhal, T., Lerner, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science: Vol. 4. Ecological settings and processes (7th ed., pp. 175-222). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Smetana, J. G. (2008). “It’s 10 O’Clock: Do you know where your children are?” Recent advances in understanding parental monitoring and adolescents’ information management. Child Development Perspectives, 2, 19-25. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00036.x Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Smetana, J. G., Crean, H. F., Campione-Barr, N. (2005). Adolescents’ and parents’ changing conceptions of parental authority. In Smetana, J. (Ed.), Changing boundaries of parental authority during adolescence (pp. 31-46). Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Smetana, J. G., Metzger, A., Gettman, D. C., Campione-Barr, N. (2006). Disclosure and secrecy in adolescent-parent relationships. Child Development, 77, 201-217. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Solis, M. V., Smetana, J. G., Comer, J. (2015). Associations among solicitation, relationship quality, and adolescents’ disclosure and secrecy with mothers and best friends. Journal of Adolescence, 43, 193-205. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.05.016 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Stattin, H., Kerr, M. (2000). Parental monitoring: A reinterpretation. Child Development, 71, 1072-1085. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00210 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Stattin, H., Kerr, M., Tilton-Weaver, L. (2010). Parental monitoring: A critical examination of the research. In GuilamoRamos, V., Jacquard, J., Dittos, P. (Eds.), Parental monitoring of adolescents: Current perspectives for researchers and practitioners (pp. 3-38). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Steinberg, L., Fletcher, A. C., Darling, N. (1994). Parental monitoring and peer influences on adolescent substance use. Pediatrics, 93, 1060-1063. Google Scholar | Medline | ISI | |
|
Tasopoulos-Chan, M., Smetana, J. G., Yau, J. P. (2009). How much do I tell thee? Strategies for managing information to parents among American adolescents from Chinese, Mexican, and European backgrounds. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 364-374. doi:10.1037/a0015816 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Tilton-Weaver, L., Kerr, M., Pakalniskeine, V., Tokic, A., Salihovic, S., Stattin, H. (2010). Open up or close down: How do parental reactions affect youth information management? Journal of Adolescence, 33, 333-346. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.07.011 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Urry, S. A., Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2011). Mother knows best: Psychological control, child disclosure, and maternal knowledge in emerging adulthood. Journal of Family Studies, 17, 157-173. doi:10.5172/jfs.2011.17.2.157 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Weymouth, B., Buehler, C. (2015). Adolescent and parental contributions to parent–adolescent hostility across early adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45, 713-729. doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0348-3 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Yau, J. P., Tasopoulos-Chan, M., Smetana, J. G. (2009). Disclosure to parents about everyday activities among American adolescents from Mexican, Chinese, and European backgrounds. Child Development, 80, 1481-1498. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01346.x Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI |
Author Biographies
Anne C. Fletcher is a professor in the department of Human Development and Family Studies at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. She studies parenting and parent-child relationships across ages ranging from middle childhood through adolescence.
Bethany L. Blair is an assistant professor in the department of Family and Child Sciences at Florida State University. Her research interests concern the intersection of youth’s individual social-emotional development and their peer relationships, particularly in the contexts of family and social media.

