![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
The present three-wave panel study (N = 973, = 11.14) sought to advance the current literature on media internalization in preadolescence by examining triggers and consequences related to preadolescents’ media internalization and use of media for appearance information. We sought to examine whether (a) media internalization and use of media for appearance information could be explained by pubertal timing and peer appearance criticism, and (b) such media internalization and use of media for information could foster dysfunctional body image investment. Structural equation analyses showed that early maturation relative to peers and peer appearance criticism predicted preadolescents’ use of media for appearance information and media internalization, 6 months later. Such media use, in turn, predicted preadolescents’ development of dysfunctional appearance beliefs, 6 months later. These results highlight the importance for future studies to examine whether preadolescents’ reliance on appearance media stems from their need to cope with current body concerns.
References
Section:
|
Amos Development Corporation . (2010). User-defined estimand: Multiple estimands. Retrieved from http://www.amosdevelopment.com/video/user-defined-estimands/multiple-estimands/amos20/multiple-estimands-amos20.html Google Scholar | |
|
American Psychological Association . (2007). Report of the APA Task Force on the sexualization of girls. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. Google Scholar | |
|
Anschutz, D. J., Spruijt-Metz, D., Van Strien, T., Engels, R. C. (2011). The direct effect of thin ideal focused adult television on young girls’ ideal body figure. Body Image, 8, 26-33. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.11.003 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Aubrey, J. S. (2006). Effects of sexually objectifying media on self-objectification and body surveillance in undergraduates: Results of a 2-year panel study. Journal of Communication, 56, 366-386. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00024.x Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bessenoff, G. R. (2006). Can the media affect us? Social comparison, self-discrepancy, and the thin ideal. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, 239-251. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00292.x Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Bohon, C., Stice, E., Burton, E. (2009). Maintenance factors for persistence of bulimic pathology: A prospective natural history study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42, 173-178. doi:10.1002/eat.20600 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Brown, J. D., Halpern, C. T., L’Engle, K. L. (2005). Mass media as a sexual super peer for early maturing girls. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36, 420-427. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.06.003 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Carraça, E. V., Markland, D., Silva, M. N., Coutinho, S. R., Vieira, P. N., Minderico, C. S., . . . Teixeira, P. J. (2011). Dysfunctional body investment versus body dissatisfaction: Relations with well-being and controlled motivations for obesity treatment. Motivation and Emotion, 35, 423-434. doi:10.1007/s11031-011-9230-0 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Cash, T. F. (2002). Body image: Cognitive behavioral perspectives on body image. In Cash, T. F., Pruzinsky, T. (Eds.), Body Images: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 38-46). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Cash, T. F. (2011). Cognitive-behavioral perspectives on body image. In Cash, T. F., Smolak, L. (Eds.), Body Image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention (2nd ed., pp. 39-47). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Cash, T. F., Melnyk, S. E., Hrabosky, J. I. (2004). The assessment of body image investment: An extensive revision of the Appearance Schemas Inventory. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35, 305-316. doi:10.1002/eat.10264 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Cash, T. F., Phillips, K. A., Santos, M. T., Hrabosky, J. I. (2004). Measuring “negative body image:” Validation of the body image disturbance questionnaire in a nonclinical population. Body Image, 1, 363-372. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.10.001 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Cash, T. F., Santos, M. T., Williams, E. F. (2005). Coping with body-image threats and challenges: Validation of the Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 190-199. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.07.008 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Cheung, G. W., Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233-255. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Choma, B. L., Shove, C., Busseri, M. A., Sadava, S. W., Hosker, A. (2009). Assessing the role of body image coping strategies as mediators or moderators of the links between self-objectification, body shame, and well-being. Sex Roles, 61, 699-713. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9666-9 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Clark, L., Tiggemann, M. (2006). Appearance culture in nine-to 12-year-old girls: Media and peer influences on body dissatisfaction. Social Development, 15, 628-643. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2006.00361.x Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Clark, L., Tiggemann, M. (2007). Sociocultural influences and body image in 9- to 12-year-old girls: The role of appearance schemas. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 36, 76-86. doi:10.1080/15374410709336570 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Dakanalis, A., Di Mattei, V. E., Bagliacca, E. P., Prunas, A., Sarno, L., Riva, G., . . . Zanetti, M. A. (2012). Disordered eating behaviors among Italian men: Objectifying media and sexual orientation differences. Eating Disorders, 20, 356-367. doi:10.1080/10640266.2012.715514 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Davis, M. H., Kraus, L. A. (1989). Social contact, loneliness, and mass media use: A test of two hypotheses. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 1100-1124. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb01242.x Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
de Guzman, N. S., Nishina, A. (2014). A longitudinal study of body dissatisfaction and pubertal timing in an ethnically diverse adolescent sample. Body Image, 11, 68-71. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.11.001 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Dion, J., Hains, J., Vachon, P., Plouffe, J., Laberge, L., Perron, M., . . . Leone, M. (2016). Correlates of body dissatisfaction in children. The Journal of Pediatrics, 171, 202-207. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.12.045 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Dunn, J., Lewis, V., Patrick, S. (2010). The idealization of thin figures and appearance concerns in middle school children. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 15, 134-143. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9861.2010.00057.x Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Evans, E. H., Tovée, M. J., Boothroyd, L. G., Drewett, R. F. (2013). Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating attitudes in 7-to 11-year-old girls: Testing a sociocultural model. Body Image, 10, 8-15. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.10.001 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Eyal, K., Te’eni-Harari, T. (2013). Explaining the relationship between media exposure and early adolescents’ body image perceptions. Journal of Media Psychology, 25, 129-141. doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000094 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140. doi:10.1177/001872675400700202 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E., Harney, M. B., Brownstone, L. M., Higgins, M. K., Bardone-Cone, A. M. (2012). Examining social physique anxiety and disordered eating in college women. The roles of social comparison and body surveillance. Appetite, 59, 796-805. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.019 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Fredrickson, B. L., Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Frisén, A., Holmqvist, K. (2010). Physical, sociocultural, and behavioral factors associated with body-esteem in 16-year-old Swedish boys and girls. Sex Roles, 63, 373-385. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9806-2 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ge, X., Brody, G. H., Conger, R. D., Simons, R. L., Mcbride Murry, V. (2002). Contextual amplification of pubertal transition effects on deviant peer affiliation and externalizing behavior among African American children. Developmental Psychology, 38, 42-54. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.1.42 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Ge, X., Natsuaki, M. N. (2009). In search of explanations for early pubertal timing effects on developmental psychopathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 327-331. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01661.x Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Gondoli, D. M., Corning, A. F., Salafia, E., Bucchianeri, M. M., Fitzsimmons, E. E. (2011). Heterosocial involvement, peer pressure for thinness, and body dissatisfaction among young adolescent girls. Body Image, 8, 143-148. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.12.005 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Hardit, S. K., Hannum, J. W. (2012). Attachment, the tripartite influence model, and the development of body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 9, 469-475. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.06.003 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Hargreaves, D., Tiggemann, M. (2003). The effect of “thin ideal” television commercials on body dissatisfaction and schema activation during early adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32, 367-373. doi:10.1023/A:1024974015581 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6, 53-60. Google Scholar | |
|
Jarry, J. L., Ip, K. (2005). The effectiveness of stand-alone cognitive-behavioral therapy for body image: A meta-analysis. Body Image, 2, 317-331. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.10.001 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Jones, D. C., Vigfusdottir, T. H., Lee, Y. (2004). Body image and the appearance culture among adolescent girls and boys an examination of friend conversations, peer criticism, appearance magazines, and the internalization of appearance ideals. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19, 323-339. doi:10.1177/0743558403258847 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., Gurevitch, M. (1974). Utilization of mass communication by the individual. In Blumler, J. G., Katz, E. (Eds.), The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp. 19-32). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Keery, H., van den Berg, P., Thompson, J. K. (2004). An evaluation of the tripartite Influence Model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls. Body Image, 1, 237-251. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.03.001 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Klump, K. L., Perkins, P. S., Burt, S. A., McGue, M., Iacono, W. G. (2007). Puberty moderates genetic influences on disordered eating. Psychological Medicine, 37, 627-634. doi:10.1017/S0033291707000189 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Lawler, M., Nixon, E. (2011). Body dissatisfaction among adolescent boys and girls: The effects of body mass, peer appearance culture and internalization of appearance ideals. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 59-71. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9500-2 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Leone, J. E., Wise, K. A., Mullin, E. M., Harmon, W., Moreno, N., Drewniany, J. (2015). The effects of pubertal timing and alexithymia on symptoms of muscle dysmorphia and the drive for muscularity in men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16, 67-77. doi:10.1037/a0035920 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lindberg, S. M., Grabe, S., Hyde, J. S. (2007). Gender, pubertal development, and peer sexual harassment predict objectified body consciousness in early adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, 723-742. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00544.x Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lindberg, S. M., Hyde, J. S., McKinley, N. M. (2006). A measure of objectified body consciousness for preadolescent and adolescent youth. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, 65-76. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00263.x Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Llewellyn, N., Rudolph, K. D., Roisman, G. I. (2012). Other-sex relationship stress and sex differences in the contribution of puberty to depression. Journal of Early Adolescence, 32, 824-850. doi:10.1177/0272431611429945 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lowry, R. (2017). VassarStats: Website for statistical computation. Retrieved from http://vassarstats.net/index.html Google Scholar | |
|
McCabe, M. P., Ricciardelli, L. A., Holt, K. (2010). Are there different sociocultural influences on body image and body change strategies for overweight adolescent boys and girls? Eating Behaviors, 11, 156-163. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2010.01.005 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
McKenney, S. J., Bigler, R. S. (2016). Internalized sexualization and its relation to sexualized appearance, body surveillance, and body shame among early adolescent girls. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 36, 171-197. doi:10.1177/0272431614556889 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
McKinley, N. M., Hyde, J. S. (1996). The objectified body consciousness scale development and validation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 181-215. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00467.x Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Micali, N., De Stavola, B., Ploubidis, G., Simonoff, E., Treasure, J., Field, A. E. (2015). Adolescent eating disorder behaviours and cognitions: Gender-specific effects of child, maternal and family risk factors. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 207, 320-327. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.152371 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Michael, S. L., Wentzel, K., Elliott, M. N., Dittus, P. J., Kanouse, D. E., Wallander, J. L., . . . Schuster, M. A. (2014). Parental and peer factors associated with body image discrepancy among fifth-grade boys and girls. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 15-29. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9899-8 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Northup, T., Liebler, C. M. (2010). The good, the bad, and the beautiful: Beauty ideals on the Disney and Nickelodeon channels. Journal of Children and Media, 4, 265-282. doi:10.1080/17482798.2010.496917 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Paxton, S. J., Eisenberg, M. E., Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2006). Prospective predictors of body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls and boys: A five-year longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 42, 888-899. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.888 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Petersen, A. C., Crockett, L., Richards, M., Boxer, A. (1988). A self-report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity, and initial norms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 17, 117-133. doi:10.1007/s10964-011-9720-0 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Potter, W. J. (2012). Media effects. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Rashid, N. A. A., Lim, J., Lam, M., Chong, S. A., Keefe, R. S., Lee, J. (2013). Unraveling the relationship between obesity, schizophrenia and cognition. Schizophrenia Research, 151, 107-112. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.09.020 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Ricciardelli, L. A. (2012). Body image development—Adolescent boys. In Cash, T. F. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance (pp. 180-186). Waltham, MA: Academic Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Rodgers, R. F., McLean, S. A., Paxton, S. J. (2015). Longitudinal relationships among internalization of the media ideal, peer social comparison, and body dissatisfaction: Implications for the tripartite influence model. Developmental Psychology, 51, 706-713. doi:10.1037/dev0000013 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Rodgers, R. F., Paxton, S. J., McLean, S. A. (2014). A biopsychosocial model of body image concerns and disordered eating in early adolescent girls. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 814-823. doi:10.1007/s10964-013-0013-7 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Roelants, M., Hauspie, R., Hoppenbrouwers, K. (2009). References for growth and pubertal development from birth to 21 years in Flanders, Belgium. Annals of Human Biology, 36, 680-694. doi:10.3109/03014460903049074 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Selfhout, M. H., Branje, S. J., Delsing, M., ter Bogt, T. F., Meeus, W. H. (2009). Different types of Internet use, depression, and social anxiety: The role of perceived friendship quality. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 819-833. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.1011 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Skoog, T., Sorbring, E., Bohlin, M. (2015). Facebook as a means to make new peers among early maturing girls. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 500-505. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.007 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Skoog, T., Stattin, H. (2014). Why and under what contextual conditions do early-maturing girls develop problem behaviors? Child Development Perspectives, 8, 158-162. doi:10.1111/cdep.12076 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Smolak, L., Stein, J. A. (2006). The relationship of drive for muscularity to sociocultural factors, self-esteem, physical attributes gender role, and social comparison in middle school boys. Body Image, 3, 121-129. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.03.002 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Spangler, D. L. (2002). Testing the cognitive model of eating disorders: The role of dysfunctional beliefs about appearance. Behavior Therapy, 33, 87-105. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(02)80007-7 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Spangler, D. L., Stice, E. (2001). Validation of the beliefs about appearance scale. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 813-827. doi:10.1023/A:1012931709434 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Tatangelo, G. L., Ricciardelli, L. A. (2017). Children’s body image and social comparisons with peers and the media. Journal of Health Psychology, 22, 776-787. doi:1359105315615409 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Teo, T. (2015). Comparing pre-service and in-service teachers’ acceptance of technology: Assessment of measurement invariance and latent mean differences. Computers & Education, 83, 22-31. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.11.015 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Thompson, J. K., Stice, E. (2001). Thin-ideal internalization: Mounting evidence for a new risk factor for body-image disturbance and eating pathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 181-183. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00144 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Thompson, J. K., van den Berg, P., Roehrig, M., Guarda, A. S., Heinberg, L. J. (2004). The sociocultural attitudes towards appearance scale-3 (SATAQ-3): Development and validation. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35, 293-304. doi:10.1002/eat.10257 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Tremblay, L., Lariviere, M. (2009). The influence of puberty onset, body mass index, and pressure to be thin on disordered eating behaviors in children and adolescents. Eating Behaviors, 10, 75-83. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2008.12.001 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Vandenberg, R. J., Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 4-70. doi:10.1177/109442810031002 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Vandenbosch, L., Eggermont, S. (2012). Understanding sexual objectification: A comprehensive approach toward media exposure and girls’ internalization of beauty ideals, self-objectification, and body surveillance. Journal of Communication, 62, 869-887. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01667.x Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Vandenbosch, L., Eggermont, S. (2013). Sexualization of adolescent boys: Media exposure and boys’ internalization of appearance ideals, self-objectification, and body surveillance. Men and Masculinities, 16, 283-306. doi:10.1177/1097184X13477866 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Webb, H. J., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Mastro, S., Farrell, L. J., Waters, A. M., Lavell, C. H. (2015). Young adolescents’ body dysmorphic symptoms: Associations with same-and cross-sex peer teasing via appearance-based rejection sensitivity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 1161-1173. doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9971-9 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Wertheim, H. E., Paxton, S. J. (2011). Body image development in adolescent girls. In Cash, T. F., Smolak, L. (Eds.), Body Image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention (2nd ed., pp. 39-47). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Wichstrøm, L., von Soest, T. (2016). Reciprocal relations between body satisfaction and self-esteem: A large 13-year prospective study of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 47, 16-27. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.12.003 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Yamamiya, Y., Shimai, S., Schaefer, L. M., Thompson, J. K., Shroff, H., Sharma, R., . . . Ordaz, D. L. (2016). Psychometric properties and validation of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4 (SATAQ-4) with a sample of Japanese adolescent girls. Body Image, 19, 89-97. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.08.006 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline |
