Studies comparing more than two competing therapies are common in several fields, but standard meta-analytic methods can make only pairwise comparisons. The meth ods proposed in this article, a generalization of current meta-analytic methods, allow for any number of competing therapies and include both fixed- and random-effects models. Key words: meta-analysis; random-effects models; multiple treatment studies. (Med Decis Making 1998;18:37-43)

Mantel N. , Haenszel W. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease J Natl Cancer Inst 1959,22 719-48
Google Scholar | Medline
Hosmer DW , Lemeshow S. Applied Logistic Regression New York John Wiley & Sons, 1989
Google Scholar
Braunwald E. , Mark DB , Jones RH , et al Unstable Angina Diagnosis and Management. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 10, AHCPR Publication No 94-0602 . Rockville, MD Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 1994
Google Scholar
Theroux P. , Ouimet H. , McCans J. , et al Aspirin, heparin, or both to treat acute unstable angina N Engl J Med 1988,319. 1105-11
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Wallentin LC Aspirin (75 mg/day) after an episode of unstable coronary artery disease long-term effects on the risk for myocardial infarction, occurrence of severe angina and the need for revascularization Research Group on Instability in Coronary Artery Disease in Southeast Sweden . J Am Coll Cardiol 1991,18.1587-93
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI
Telford AM , Wilson C. Trial of heparin versus atenolol in prevention of myocardial infarction in intermediate coronary syndrome Lancet. 1981 ,1 1225-8.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
EGRET Reference Manual, Revision 4 Seattle, WA Statistics and Epidemiology Research Corporation , 1993
Google Scholar
Crump KS A new method for determining allowable daily intakes Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1984,4 854-71
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
DerSimonian R. , Laird N. Meta analysis in clinical trials Control Clin Trials 1986,7 177-88.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Hedges LV , Olkin I. Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis. Orlando, FL Academic Press, 1985.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Fiore MC , Bailey WC , Choen SJ , et al. Smoking Cessation. Clinical Practice Guideline No 18 Rockville, MD Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, U S Department of Health and Human Services, AHCPR Publication No 96-0692, April 1996
Google Scholar
Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York Academic Press, 1977
Google Scholar
Rosenthal R. , Rubin D. Combining results from independent studies Psychol Bull 1979;85 185-93
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Glass G. Summarizing effect sizes In Rosenthal R (ed) New Directions for Methodology of Social and Behavioral Science. Quantitative Assessment of Research Domains San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass, 1980
Google Scholar
Hedges LV Meta-analysis J Educ Stat. 1992,1727 9-96
Google Scholar
Rosenthal R. Meta-analytic procedures for social research Beverly Hills, CA Sage Publications , 1984.
Google Scholar
Glesser LJ , Olkin I. Stochastically dependent effect sizes. In: Cooper H , Hedges LV (eds) The Handbook of Research Synthesis. Troy, NY Russell Stage Foundation, 1994.
Google Scholar
Hasselblad V. Numerical techniques in distribution fitting . Comput Sci Stat 1994,26:217-21.
Google Scholar
Hasselblad V. , Hedges L Meta-analysis of diagnostic tests Psychometr Bull 1995,11.167-78.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Reid DD , Brett GZ , Hamilton Pjs , Jarrett RJ , Keen H. , Rose G. Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male civil servants Lancet 1974;1 469-73.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Cottraux JA , Harf R. , Boissel JP , Schbath J. , Bouvard M. , Gillet J. Smoking cessation with behaviour therapy or acupuncture—a controlled study. Behav Res Ther 1983,21 417-24
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Slama K. , Redman S. , Perkins J. , Reid AL , Sanson-Fisher RW The effectiveness of two smoking cessation programmes for use in general practice a randomised clinical trial. Br Med J. 1990 ,300 1707- 9
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Jamrozik K. , Vessey M. , Fowler G. , Wald N. , Parker G. , Van Vunakis H. Controlled trial of three different antismoking interventions in general practice Br Med J. 1984,288 1499-503
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Rabkin SW , Boyko E. , Shane F. , Kaufert J. A randomized trial comparing smoking cessation programs utilizing behavior modifications, health education or hypnosis Addict Behav 1984;9 157-73.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Decker BD , Evans RG Efficacy of a minimal contact version of a multimodal smoking cessation program Addict Behav 1989,14.487-91
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Richmond RL , Austin A. , Webster IW Three year evaluation
Google Scholar
of a programme by general practitioners to help patients to stop smoking Br Med J. 1986,292.803-6
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Leung JP Smoking cessation by auricular acupuncture and behavioral therapy Psychologia Int J Psychol Orient 1991, 34 177-87
Google Scholar
Mothersill KJ , McDowell I. , Rosser W. Subject characteristics and long term post-program smoking cessation Addict Behav. 1988;13.29-36
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Langford ER , Thompson EG , Tripp SC Smoking and health education during pregnancy evaluation of a program for women in prenatal classes Can J Public Health 1983,74.285-9
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI
Gritz ER , Berman BA , Bastani R. , Wu M. A randomized trial of a self-help smoking cessation intervention in a nonvolunteer female population. testing the limits of the public health model Health Psychol 1992,11 280-9
Google Scholar
Campbell IA , Hansford M. , Prescott RJ Effect of a "stop smoking" booklet on smokers attending for chest radiography a controlled study . Thorax 1986;41 369-71
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Sanders D. , Fowler G. , Mant D. , Fuller A. , Jones L. , Marzillier J. Randomized controlled trial of anti-smoking advice by nurses in general practice . JR Coll Gen Pract 1989,39 273-6
Google Scholar
Hilleman DE , Mohiuddin SM , Delcore MG , Lucas BD Jr Randomized, controlled trial of transdermal clonidine for smoking cessation Ann Pharmacother. 1993,27 1025-8.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Gillams J. , Lewith GT , Machin D. Acupuncture and group therapy in stopping smoking. Practitioner 1984,228.341-4
Google Scholar | Medline
Mogielnicki RP , Neslin S. , Dulac J. , Balestra D. , Gillie E. , Corson J. Tailored media can enhance the success of smoking cessation clinics J Behav Med 1986 ,9 141-61
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
36 Page AR, Walters DJ , Schlegel RP , Best JA Smoking cessation in family practice the effects of advice and nicotine chewing gum prescription Addict Behav 1986,11 443-6
Google Scholar | ISI
Vetter NJ , Ford D. Smoking prevention among people aged 60 and over a randomized controlled trial Age Ageing 1990; 19.164-8
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Williams JM , Hall DW Use of single session hypnosis for smoking cessation Addict Behav 1988, 13 205-8
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Pallonen UE , Leskinen L. , Prochaska JO , Willey CJ , Kaariainen R. , Salonen JT A 2-year self-help smoking cessation manual intervention among middle-aged Finnish men: an application of the transtheoretical model Prev Med 1994,23: 507-14
Google Scholar
Russell MA , Merriman R. , Stapleton J. , Taylor W. Effect of nicotine chewing gum as an adjunct to general practitioners' advice against smoking Br Med J 1983,287 1782-5
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Stewart PJ , Rosser WW The impact of routine advice on smoking cessation from family physicians Can Med Assoc J. 1982;126 1051-4
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI
Russell MA , Wilson C. , Taylor C. , Baker CD Effect of general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J. 1979;2:231-5
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Kendrick JS , Zahniser SC , Miller N. , et al. Integrating smoking cessation into routine public prenatal care results of the smoking cessation in pregnancy project Am J Public Health. 1995,85 217-22
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Ahuja GK , Verma AK Propranolol in prophylaxis of migraine. Indian J Med Res 1985,82 263-5
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI
Andersson PG , Dahl S. , Hansen JH , et al Prophylactic treatment of classical and non-classical migraine with metoprolol—a comparison with placebo Cephalalgia 1983,3 207-12.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Tfelt-Hansen P. , Standnes B. , Kangasneimi P. , Hakkarainen H. , Olesen J. Timolol vs propranolol vs placebo in common migraine prophylaxis a double-blind multicenter trial Acta Neurol Scand 1984,69 1-8
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Sudilovsky A. , Elkind AH , Ryan RE Sr, Saper JR , Stern MA , Meyer JH Comparative efficacy of nadolol and propranolol in the management of migraine. Headache 1987;27 421-6. 48 Freitag FG , Diamond S. Nadolol and placebo comparison study in the prophylactic treatment of migraine J Am Osteopath Assoc 1984,84 343-7.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Stellar S. , Ahrens SP , Meibohm AR , Reines SA Migraine prevention with timolol A double-blind crossover study JAMA. 1984,252 2576-80
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Kangasneimi P. , Andersen AR , Andersson PG , et al. Classic migraine effective prophylaxis with metoprolol. Cephalalgia. 1987,7 231-8.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Gerber WD , Diener HC , Scholz E. , Niederberger U. Responders and non-responders to metoprolol, propranolol and nifedipine treatment in migraine prophylaxis a dose-range study based on time-series analysis. Cephalalgia 1991,11 37-45
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Briggs RS , Millac PA Timolol in migraine prophylaxis. Headache 1979;19 379-81.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Forssman B. , Henriksson KG , Johannsson V. , Lindvall L. , Lundin H Propranolol for migraine prophylaxis . Headache 1976,16.238-45
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Kangasneimi P. , Hedman C. Metoprolol and propranolol in the prophylactic treatment of classical and common migraine A double-blind study Cephalalgia 1984,4.91-6
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Olerud B. , Gustavsson CL , Furberg B. Nadolol and propranolol in migraine management Headache 1986;26:490-3.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Olsson JE , Behring HC , Forssman B. , et al Metoprolol and propranolol in migraine prophylaxis: a double-blind multi-centre study Acta Neurol Scand 1984,70 160-8
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Dahlof C. No clearcut longterm prophylactic effect of one month of treatment with propranolol in migraineurs Cephalalgia 1987;7,6 suppl 459-60
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Pradalier A. , Serratrice G. , Collard M. , et al. Long-acting propranolol in migraine prophylaxis. results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia 1989;9 247-53.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Johnson RH , Hornabrook RW , Lambie DG Comparison of mefenamic acid and propranolol with placebo in migraine prophylaxis . Acta Neurol Scand 1986,73 490-2
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Steardo L. , Bonuso S. , Di Stasio E. , Marano E. Selective and non-selective beta-blockers are both effective in prophylaxis of migraine? A clinical trial versus methysergide. Acta Neurol (Napoli). 1982;4 196-204
Google Scholar | Medline
Borgesen SE , Nielsen JL , Moller CE Prophylactic treatment of migraine with propranolol A climcal trial. Acta Neurol Scand 1974,50.651-6
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Steiner TJ , Joseph R. , Hedman C. , Rose FC Metoprolol in the prophylaxis of migraine parallel-groups comparison with placebo and dose-ranging follow-up. Headache 1988;28 15-23.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Access Options

My Account

Welcome
You do not have access to this content.



Chinese Institutions / 中国用户

Click the button below for the full-text content

请点击以下获取该全文

Institutional Access

does not have access to this content.

Purchase Content

24 hours online access to download content

Research off-campus without worrying about access issues. Find out about Lean Library here

Your Access Options


Purchase

MDM-article-ppv for $41.50
Single Issue 24 hour E-access for $186.25

Cookies Notification

This site uses cookies. By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Find out more.
Top