Abstract
The incorporation of personal response system (PRS) clickers into teaching pedagogy has created implications for teaching practice and student satisfaction. Using a current undergraduate business student population, the authors measure student attitudes and preferences and identify student performance outcomes relating to the use of PRS clickers. Study results validate the broad applicability of this technology by showing positive student attitudes, learning experiences, and the mitigation of barriers toward acceptance of this technology. Importantly, measures of student performance correlate to self-reported learning outcomes realized through using PRS clickers. The study also finds evidence that PRS clickers benefit those students who are frequently disadvantaged in the classroom. Specifically, students with a low need for cognition or facing cultural barriers are shown to have a better learning experience when using clicker technology. The article concludes with recommendations on applying PRS clicker technology to teaching practice and identifies areas for future investigation.
|
Bloom, D. ( 1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives, the classification of educational goals-Handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York: McKay. Google Scholar | |
|
Boyle, J. , & Nicol, D. ( 2003). Using classroom communication systems to support interaction and discussion in large class settings. Association for Learning Technology Journal, 11(3):43-57. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Cacioppo, J. , & Petty, R. ( 1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 116-131. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Celsi, R. , & Wolfinbarger, M. (2002). Discontinuous classroom innovation: Waves of change for marketing education. Journal of Marketing Education, 24, 64-72. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Cutts, Q. , Carbone, A. , & van Haaster, K. (2004). Using an electronic voting system to promote active reflection on coursework feedback. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education 2004, Australia. Retrieved April 8, 2007, from http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~quintin/papers/ICCE04QC.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Crouch, C. , & Mazur, E. ( 2001). Peer instruction: Ten years of experience and results . American Journal of Physics, 69, 970-977. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Draper, S. , & Brown, M. ( 2002). Use of the PRS (personal response system) handsets at Glasgow University, interim report. Retrieved August 3, 2006 , from http://www.psy.gla.ac.uk/%7Esteve/ilig/interim.html Google Scholar | |
|
Dufresne, R.G.W. , Leonard, W.M.J. , & Wenk, L. ( 1996). Classtalk: A classroom communication system for active learning. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 7, 3-47. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Egemen, E. , Edwards, F. , & Nirmalakhandan, N. (1998). Computer simulation models in environmental engineering education. Water Science and Technology, 38, 295-302. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Epstein, S. , Pacini, R. , Denes-Raj, V. , & Heier, H. ( 1996). Individual differences in intuitive-experiential and analytical-rational thinking styles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 390-505. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Horowitz, P. , & Barrowy, B. ( 1994). Designing and using open-ended software to promote conceptual change. Journal of Science, Education and Technology, 3, 161-185. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kolb, D.A. ( 1981). Learning styles and disciplinary differences. In Alan W. Chickering and Associates (Eds.), The Modern American College (pp. 37-75). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
|
Kolb, D.A. ( 1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Google Scholar | |
|
Kolb, D.A. ( 1988). Management and the learning process. California Management Review, 18(3), 22-31. Google Scholar | |
|
Liu, T.C. , Liang, J.K. , Wang, H.Y. , & Chan, T.W. ( 2003). The features and potential of interactive response system . In K. T. Lee & K. Mitchell (Eds.), International Conference on Computers in Education 2003: The "Second Wave" of ICE in Education (pp. 315-322). Hong Kong, PR China: ICCE. Google Scholar | |
|
Marien, E.J. ( 1995). Real-time feedback for customer-oriented teaching. Education, 116(2), 44-53. Google Scholar | |
|
Martin, E. ( 1999). Changing academic work: Developing the learning university . Buckingham, UK: SRHE/ Open University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Norman, K.L. ( 1990). The electronic teaching theater: Interactive hypermedia and mental models of the classroom. Current Psychology, 9, 141-161. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Norman, K.L. ( 1994). Hypercourseware for interactive instruction in the electronic classroom. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers , 26, 255-260. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Sadowski, C. , & Gulgoz, S. ( 1996). Elaborative processing mediates the relationship between need for cognition and academic performance. Journal of Psychology , 130, 303-307. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Sharples, M. ( 2000). The design of personal mobile technologies for lifelong learning. Computers & Education, 34(3/4), 177-193. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Simpson, V. , & Oliver, M. ( 2007). Electronic voting systems for lectures then and now: A comparison of research and practice. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 23, 187-208. Retrieved April 18, 2009, from http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet23/simpson.html Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Slough, R. , & Lane, E.T. ( 1995). Interactive teaching with student response keypads. Journal of Science, Education and Technology, 4(2), 5-13. Google Scholar | |
|
Smart, D.T. , Kelley, C.A. , & Conant, J.S. ( 1999). Marketing education in the year 2000: Changes observed and challenges anticipated. Journal of Marketing Education , 21, 206-216. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Ueltschy, L.C. ( 2001). An exploratory study of integrating interactive technology into the marketing curriculum. Journal of Marketing Education , 23, 63-72. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Williams, J. ( 2003). "Learning by remote control": Exploring the use of audience response system as a vehicle for content delivery. In G. Crisp , D. Thiele , I. Scholten , S. Barker , & J. Barron (Eds.), Interact, Integrate, Impact: Proceedings 20th ASCILITE Conference (pp. 739-838). Adelaide, Australia: ASCILITE. Google Scholar | |
|
Young, M. , Klemz, B. , & Murphy, W. ( 2003). Enhancing learning outcomes: The effects of instructional technology, learning styles, instructional methods and student behavior. Journal of Marketing Education, 25, 130-142. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Zeon, S. , Lundenberg, M.A. , Costello, S.M. , Gajdostik, L.J. , Harmes, N.R. , & Roshen, N.A. ( 1999, February-March). Restructuring at the classroom level: Effects with technology. Paper presented at the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education International Conference , San Antonio, TX. Google Scholar |

