Abstract
Although it is difficult these days to find a company that does not have a website, you do not have to look very far for to find a website with significant design and architecture flaws. Getting a visitor to your website is one thing, making the experience effortless and allowing them to find exactly what they need is another story. That being said, understanding how the consumer comprehends and navigates webpage content is an important part of the interactive marketing process that demands extra attention. Although this field is well established among marketing research practitioners, information architecture assessment and website usability tests are user-centric methods of website analysis that receive little attention from marketing academics. This article discusses the importance of user-centric methods of website analysis for the field of direct and interactive marketing and outlines strategies for implementing qualitative research techniques in an educational context. Classroom exercises and take-home assignments for an undergraduate curriculum are provided and discussed.
|
AACSB International . (2010, January 31). Eligibility procedures & accreditation standards for business accreditation. Retrieved from http://www.aacsb.edu/accreditation/business/standards/aacsb_business_standards.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
American Marketing Association . (2010, March 15). The digital issue. Marketing News. Retrieved from http://www.marketingpower.com/ResourceLibrary/MarketingNews/Pages/2010/3_15_10/The_State_of_Digital_Marketing.aspx Google Scholar | |
|
Ackerman, D. S., Gross, B. L., Perner, L. (2003). Instructor, student, and employer perceptions on preparing marketing students for changing business landscapes. Journal of Marketing Education, 25, 46-56. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Becker, S. A. (2004). A study of web usability for older adults seeking online health resources. ACM Transactions on Computer–Human Interaction, 11, 387-406. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Benbunan-Fich, R. (2001). Using protocol analysis to evaluate the usability of a commercial web site. Information & Management, 39, 151-163. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bevan, N. (1999, June-July). Common industry format usability tests. Paper presented at UPA’98, Usability Professionals Association, Scottsdale, AZ. Google Scholar | |
|
Braddy, P. W., Meade, A. W., Kroustalis, C. M. (2008). Online recruiting: The effects of organizational familiarity, website usability, and website attractiveness on viewers’ impressions of organizations. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 2992-3001. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bucklin, R. E., Sismeiro, C. (2009). Click here for interact insight: Advances in clickstream data analysis in marketing. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 23, 35-48. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Calder, B., Malthouse, E., Schaedel, U. (2009). An experimental study of the relationship between online engagement and advertising effectiveness. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 23, 321-331. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Chadwick-Dias, A., McNulty, M., Tullis, T. (2003, November). Web usability and age: How design changes can improve performance. Paper presented at 2003 Conference on Universal Usability, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Chaffey, D., Ellis-Chadwick, F., Mayer, R., Johnston, K. (2009). Internet marketing: Strategy, implementation, and practice (4th ed.). New York, NY: Prentice Hall. Google Scholar | |
|
Coupey, E. (2004). Digital business: Concepts and strategy (2nd ed.). New Jersey, NJ: Prentice Hall. Google Scholar | |
|
Danielson, D. R. (2003). Transitional volatility in web navigation. IT & Society, 1(3), 131-158. Google Scholar | |
|
Dellaert, B., Kahn, B. E. (1999). How tolerable is delay? Consumers’ evaluations of internet web sites after waiting. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 13(1), 41-54. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Diamond, N., Koernig, S. K., Iqbal, Z. (2008). Uniting active and deep learning to teach problem-solving skills: Strategic tools and the learning spiral. Journal of Marketing Education, 30, 116-129. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
George, C. A. (2005). Usability testing and design of a library website: An iterative approach. OCLC Systems & Services, 21, 167-180. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gummesson, E. (2005). Qualitative research in marketing: Road-map for a wilderness of complexity and unpredictability. European Journal of Marketing, 39, 309-327. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hart, T. A., Chaparro, B. S., Halcomb, C. G. (2008). Evaluating websites for older adults: Adherence to “senior-friendly” guidelines and end-user performance. Behaviour & Information Technology, 27, 191-199. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hertzum, M., Jacobsen, N., Molich, R. (2002). Usability inspections by groups of specialists: perceived agreement in spite of disparate observations. In Proceedings from CHI’02: Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Seattle: ACM Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hill, A. (2001). Top 5 reasons your customers abandon their shopping carts. Ziff Davis Smart Business for the New Economy, 14(3), 80-85. Google Scholar | |
|
Jeffries, R., Miller, J. R., Wharton, C., Uyeda, K. M. (1991, April-May). User interface evaluation in the real world: A comparison of four techniques. In Proceedings ACM CHI’91 Conference, 27April-2 May, New Orleans, LA. New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kalczynski, P. J., Senecal, S., Nantel, J. (2006). Predicting on-line task completion with clickstream complexity measures: A graph-based approach. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 10(3), 121-141. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kim, H., Niehm, L. S. (2009). The impact of website quality on information quality, value, and loyalty intentions in apparel retailing. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 23, 221-233. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Krug, S. (2005). Don’t make me think! A common sense approach to web usability (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: New Riders. Google Scholar | |
|
Kuisma, J., Simola, J., Uusitalo, L., Öörni, A. (2010). The effects of animation and format on the perception and memory of online advertising. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 24, 269-282. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kushniruk, A. W. (2001). Analysis of complex decision-making processes in health care: Cognitive approaches to health informatics. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 34, 365-376. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Kushniruk, A. W., Patel, V. L. (2004). Cognitive and usability engineering methods for the evaluation of clinical information systems. Journal of Biomedical Informatics 37(1), 56-76. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Li, P. (2005). Cognitive task analysis: A cognitive approach to evaluate evidence-based nursing websites. OCLC Systems & Services, 21, 252-256. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Levi, M., Conrad, F. (1996, July/August). A heuristic evaluation of a world wide web prototype. Interactions, 3(4), 50-61. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Loiacono, E. T., Watson, R. T., Goodhue, D. L. (2007). WebQual: An instrument for consumer evaluation of web sites. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 11(3), 51-87. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Malthouse, E., Shankar, V. (2009). Measuring and managing interactive environments. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 23, 207-208. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Milliken, J. (2001). Qualitative research and marketing management. Management Decision, 39(1), 71-78. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Moe, W. (2003). Buying, searching, or browsing: Differentiating between online shoppers using in-store navigational clickstream. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 13(1/2), 29-39. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Molich, R., Dumas, J. S. (2008). Comparative usability evaluation (CUE-4). Behaviour & Information Technology, 27, 263-281. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Molich, R., Ede, M., Kaasgaard, K., Karyukin, B. (2004). Comparative usability evaluation. Behaviour & Information Technology, 23, 65-74. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Morville, P., Rosenfeld, L. (2006). Information architecture for the world wide web (3rd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media. Google Scholar | |
|
Nielsen, J. (1994). Heuristic evaluation. In Nielsen, J., Mack, R. L. (Eds.), Usability inspection methods (pp. 25-35). New York, NY: John Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Nielsen, J. (2008). Designing web usability. Indianapolis, IN: New Riders. Google Scholar | |
|
Nielsen, J., Loranger, H. (2005). Prioritizing web usability. Indianapolis, IN: New Riders. Google Scholar | |
|
Novak, T. P., Hoffman, D. L., Yung, Y. (2000). Measuring the customer experience in online environments: A structural modeling approach. Marketing Science, 19(1), 22-42. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Nyman, S., Yardley, L. (2009). Usability and acceptability of a website that provides tailored advice on falls prevention activities for older people. Health Informatics Journal, 15(1), 27-39. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Petre, M., Minocha, S., Roberts, D. (2006). Usability beyond the website: An empirically-grounded e-commerce evaluation instrument for the total customer experience. Behaviour & Information Technology, 25(2), 189-203. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Resnick, M. L., Sanchez, J. (2004). Effects of organizational scheme and labeling on task performance in product-centered and user-centered retail web sites. Human Factors, 46(1), 104-118. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Roy, A., Macchlette, B. (2005). Debating the issues: A tool for augmenting critical thinking skills of marketing students. Journal of Marketing Education, 76, 264-276. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Sismeiro, C., Bucklin, R. E. (2004). Modeling purchase behavior at an e-commerce web site: A task-completion approach. Journal of Marketing Research, 41, 306-323. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Smith, D., Sivakumar, K. (2004). Flow and internet shopping behavior: A conceptual model and research propositions. Journal of Business Research, 57, 1199-1208. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Spiggle, S. (1994). Analysis and interpretation of qualitative data in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 21, 491-503. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Stanton, A. D. (2006). Bridging the academic/practitioner divide in marketing: An undergraduate course in data mining. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 24, 233-244. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Tremayne, M. (2005). Lessons learned from experiments with interactivity on the web. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 5(2), 40-46. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
VandeCreek, L. M. (2005). Usability analysis of Northern Illinois university libraries’ website: A case study. OCLC Systems & Services, 21, 181-192. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
van Rompay, T., de Vries, P., van Venrooij, X. G. (2010). More than words: On the importance of picture-text congruence in the online environment. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 24(1), 22-30. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Venkatesh, V., Agarwal, R. (2006). Turning visitors into customers: A usability-centric perspective on purchase behavior in electronic channels. Management Science, 52, 367-382. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Walker, I., Tsarenko, Y., Wagstaff, P., Powell, I., Steel, M., Brace-Govan, J. (2009). The development of competent marketing professionals. Journal of Marketing Education, 31, 253-263. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Wang, J., Senecal, S. (2007). Measuring perceived website usability. Journal of Internet Commerce, 6(4), 97-112. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Young, M. R. (2010). Transforming the initial education experience: An action learning approach. Journal of Marketing Education, 32, 13-24. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Young, M. R., Murphy, W. (2003). Integrating communications skills into the marketing curriculum: A case study. Journal of Marketing Education, 25, 57-70. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals |

