Sales education programs are undergoing rapid growth and dynamic change as more business and other undergraduate students pursue sales jobs as desirable career entry points. The number of collegiate sales programs has grown dramatically over the past decade, and sales educators today are increasingly focused on teaching experientially. That is, they seek to link theory to industry practice to prepare students more effectively for in-demand sales careers. Sales knowledge and sales-related self-efficacy have been established clearly to be determinants of future sales performance in industry. This article is a first step in examining the role self-efficacy plays within the context of sales education. More than 500 students, who have completed or are currently enrolled in at least one sales course at one of approximately 20 colleges, completed an 85-item survey for this study. The responses were analyzed using structural equation modeling techniques. The authors recommend specific methods for sales educators to more effectively develop sales knowledge and sales-based self-efficacy so that students are well-prepared to “hit the ground running” in the early stages of their sales careers.

Anderson, R. E. (1996). Personal selling and sales management in the new millennium. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 16(4), 17-32.
Google Scholar
Anderson, R. E., Dixon, A. L., Jones, E., Johnston, M. W., LaForge, R. W., Marshall, G. W., Tanner, J. F. (2005). The scholarship of teaching in sales education. Marketing Education Review, 15(2), 1-10.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Anderson, J. C., Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Bagozzi, R. P., Yi, Y. (1991). Multitrait-multimethod matrices in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 17(4), 426-439.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman.
Google Scholar
Barling, J., Beattie, R. (1983). Self-efficacy beliefs and sales performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 5(1), 41-51.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Betz, N. E., Hackett, G. (1997). Applications of self-efficacy theory to the career assessment of women. Journal of Career Assessment, 5(4), 383-402.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Bobbitt, L. M., Inks, S. A., Kemp, K. J., Mayo, D. T. (2000). Integrating marketing courses to enhance team-based experiential learning. Journal of Marketing Education, 22, 15-24.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Bobot, L. (2010). Teaching sales and negotiation with combining computer-based simulation and case discussion. Marketing Education Review, 20(2), 115-122.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Bonitz, V. S., Larson, L. M., Armstrong, P. I. (2010). Interests, self-efficacy, and choice goals: An experimental manipulation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 223-233.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Bottomley, P. A., Doyle, J. R., Green, R. H. (2000). Testing the reliability of weight elicitation methods: Direct rating versus point allocation. Journal of Marketing Research, 37, 508-513.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Bristow, D., Gulati, R., Amyx, D. (2006). A look at professional selling from the students’ perspective: A replication and extension. Marketing Management Journal, 16(1), 88-103.
Google Scholar
Bruner, G. C., Hensel, P. J., James, K. E. (2005). Marketing scales handbook: A compilation of multi-item measures for consumer behavior and advertising (Vol. IV). Chicago, IL: Thomson South-Western.
Google Scholar
Carnevale, A. P., Strohl, J., Melton, M. (2011). What’s it worth? The economic value of college majors. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce.
Google Scholar
Carroll, C. (2006). Enhancing reflective learning through role-plays: The use of an effective sales presentation evaluation form in student role-plays. Marketing Education Review, 16(1), 9-13.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Churchill, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64-73.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Cost, D. L., Bishop, M. H., Anderson, E. S. (1992). Effective listening: Teaching students a critical marketing skill. Journal of Marketing Education, 14(1), 41-45.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Cummins, S., Peltier, J. W., Erffmeyer, R., Whalen, J. (2013). A critical review of the literature for sales educators. Journal of Marketing Education, 35(1), 68-78.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Cunnien, K. A., Martin Rogers, N. A., Mortimer, J. T. (2009). Adolescent work experience and self-efficacy. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 29, 164-175.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Day, R., Allen, T. D. (2004). The relationship between career motivation and self-efficacy with protégé career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64, 72-91.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
DePaul University Center for Sales Leadership . (2007-2008). Universities and colleges sales education landscape survey. Retrieved from www.salesleadershipcenter.com/landscape
Google Scholar
DePaul University Center for Sales Leadership . (2011-2012). Universities and colleges sales education landscape survey. Retrieved from www.salesleadershipcenter.com/landscape
Google Scholar
Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. New York, NY: Collier Books.
Google Scholar
Dixon, A., Peltier, J. (2013). Special issue call for papers: Sales education and training. Journal of Marketing Education, 35(1), 79.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Espinoza, M. M. (1999). Assessing the cross-cultural applicability of a service quality measure: A comparative study between Quebec and Peru. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 10(5), 449-468.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Fornell, C., Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Fu, F. Q., Richards, K. A., Hughes, D. E., Jones, E. (2010). Motivating salespeople to sell new products: The relative influence of attitudes, subjective norms, and self-efficacy. Journal of Marketing, 74(6), 61-76.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Garson, D. (2006). Electronic course notes, PA 765: Structural equation modeling, North Carolina State University. Retrieved from http://www2.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/pa765/structur.htm
Google Scholar
Gist, M. E., Mitchell, T. R. (1992). Self-efficacy: A theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability. Academy of Management Review, 17(2), 183-211.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Gray, D. M., Peltier, J. W., Schibrowski, J. A. (2012). The Journal of Marketing Education: Past, present, and future. Journal of Marketing Education, 34(3), 217-237.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Hackett, G., Betz, N. E. (1981). A self-efficacy approach to the career development of women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 18(3), 326-339.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. (2005). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Google Scholar
Hawes, J. M., Foley, L. M. (2006). Building skills with professional activity reports. Marketing Education Review, 16(1), 35-40.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Hawes, J. M., Rich, A. K., Widmier, S. M. (2004). Assessing the development of the sales profession. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 24(1), 27-37.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Hayes, T. (2008, November). Basic marketing for higher education. Paper presented at AMA Symposium for the Marketing of Higher Education, Chicago, IL.
Google Scholar
Huff, L. C., Alden, D. L. (1998). An investigation of consumer response to sales promotions in developing markets: A three-country analysis. Journal of Advertising Research, 38(3), 47-56.
Google Scholar | ISI
Inks, S. A., Avila, R. A. (2008). Preparing the next generation of sales professionals through social, experiential, and immersive learning experiences. Journal for Advancement of Marketing Education, 13(4), 47-55.
Google Scholar
Johnson, E. M. (1990). How do sales managers view college preparation for sales? Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 10(3), 69-72.
Google Scholar
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Google Scholar
Leasher, M., Moberg, C. R. (2008). Evaluating the impact of collegiate sales training and education on early salesperson performance. Journal of Selling & Major Account Management, 8(4), 32-45.
Google Scholar
Lent, R. W., Hackett, G., Brown, S. D. (1996). A social cognitive framework for studying career choice and transition to work. Journal of Vocational Education Research, 21(4), 3-31.
Google Scholar
Lewin, K. (1948). Resolving social conflicts: Selected papers on group dynamics. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Google Scholar
Mallin, M. L., Jones, D. E., Cordell, J. L. (2010). The impact of learning context on intent to use marketing and sales technology: A comparison of scenario-based and task-based approaches. Journal of Marketing Education, 32(2), 214-223.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Mantel, S. P., Pullins, E. B., Reid, D. A., Buehrer, R. E. (2002). A realistic sales experience: Providing feedback by integrating buying, selling, and managing experiences. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 22(1), 33-40.
Google Scholar
Mason, K., Jensen, T., Burton, S., Roach, D. (2001). The accuracy of brand and attribute judgments: The role of information relevancy, product experience, and attribute-relationship schemata. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 29(3), 307-317.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Michaels, R. E., Marshall, G. W. (2002). Perspectives on selling and sales management education. Marketing Education Review, 12(2), 1-11.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Moncrief, W. C. (1991). The use of sales management role playing exercises. Marketing Education Review, 1(4), 46-55.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Moncrief, W. C., Shipp, S. (1994). Making personal selling role plays more realistic. Marketing Education Review, 4(1), 45-49.
Google Scholar | Crossref
O’Rourke, T. W. (2003). Methodological techniques for dealing with missing data. American Journal of Health Studies, 18(2/3), 165-168.
Google Scholar
Peltier, J. W., Hay, A., Drago, W. (2005). The reflective learning continuum reflecting on reflection. Journal of Marketing Education, 27(3), 250-263.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Peltier, J. W., Hay, A., Drago, W. (2006). Reflecting on reflection: Scale extension and comparison of undergraduate business students in the United States and the United Kingdom. Journal of Marketing Education, 28(1), 5-16.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Rogers, C. R., Freiberg, H. J. (1994). Freedom to learn (3rd ed.). New York: Merrill.
Google Scholar
Ryerson, A. (2008). Pharmaceutical sales performance: A proposed study measuring behavioral aspects of self-efficacy as compared to general self-efficacy. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 2(3), 181-194.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Scherer, R. F., Adams, J. S., Carley, S. S., Wiebe, F. A. (1989). Role model performance effects on development of entrepreneurial career preference. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13(3), 53-71.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Schmitt, B. H., Pan, Y., Tavassoli, N. T. (1994). Language and consumer memory: The impact of linguistic differences between Chinese and English. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(3), 419-431.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Schwarzer, R., Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized self-efficacy scale. In Weinman, J., Wright, S., Johnston, M. (eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, England: Nfer-Nelson.
Google Scholar
Sojka, J. Z., Fish, M. S. B. (2008). Brief in-class role-plays: An experiential teaching tool targeted to generation Y students. Marketing Education Review, 18(1), 25-31.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Tanaka, J. S. (1987). “How big is big enough?”: Sample size and goodness of fit in structural equation models with latent variables. Child Development, 58(1), 134-146.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Taute, H. A., Heiser, R. S., McArthur, D. N. (2011). The effect of non-verbal signals on student role play evaluation. Journal of Marketing Education, 33(1), 28-40.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Vandenberg, R. J., Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4-70.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Wang, G., Netemeyer, R. G. (2002). The effects of job autonomy, customer demandingness, and trait competitiveness on salesperson learning, self-efficacy, and performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30(3), 217-228.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Weinbaum, A., Rogers, A. (1995). Contextual learning: A critical aspect of school-to-work transition programs. Washington, DC: National Institute for Work and Learning.
Google Scholar
West, V. L. (2006). Teaching written communication skills in professional selling: The cover letter. Journal of Marketing Education, 28(3), 205-217.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Widmier, S., Loe, T. W., Selden, G. (2007). Using role-play competition to teach selling skills and teamwork. Marketing Education Review, 17(1), 69-78.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Williams, L. J., Hartman, N., Cavazotte, F. (2010). Method variance and marker variables: A review and comprehensive CFA marker technique. Organizational Research Methods, 13(3), 477-514.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
View access options

My Account

Welcome
You do not have access to this content.



Chinese Institutions / 中国用户

Click the button below for the full-text content

请点击以下获取该全文

Institutional Access

does not have access to this content.

Purchase Content

24 hours online access to download content

Your Access Options


Purchase

JMD-article-ppv for $36.00