Abstract
Sales education has grown in importance, particularly throughout the last decade, with an increasing number of university sales centers offering programs to prepare new generations of sales professionals. In this article, we describe how work-based learning, action research, and reflective practice used in a sales master program can be used in undergraduate sales education to facilitate the emergence of a new mindset of professional selling in future practitioners. This mindset is characterized by enhanced awareness and personal transformation that lead to improved relationships through the discovery of new ways of identifying and creating customer value. We argue this mindset is required to respond to the unprecedented level of change and increased complexity in professional selling. Sales education is vital to ensure that future and practicing sales professionals continuously develop the competences required to perform in demanding contexts. Universities and business schools alike now play a pivotal role in developing sales talent by combining in unique ways academic research in sales, advances in pedagogy, and practitioner experience. The findings of our study reveal the significance of student-centered pedagogies in sales curricula. We discuss how the experience gathered from educating practicing sales professionals can be applied to educating novice sales students adopting work-based pedagogies.
|
Adelman, C. (1993). Kurt Lewin and the origins of action research. Educational Action Research, 1(1), 7–23. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Artis, A., Harris, E. (2007). Self-directed learning and sales force performance: An integrated framework. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 27(1), 9–24. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bartunek, J. M., Egri, C. P. (2012). Introduction: Can academic research be managerially actionable? What are the requirements for determining this? Academy of Management Learning & Education, 11(2), 244–246. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Blanchard, K. H. (1994). Situational leadership. Robbinsville, NJ: Blanchard Training and Development. Google Scholar | |
|
Blocker, C. P., Cannon, J. P., Panagopoulos, N. G., Sager, J. K. (2012). The role of the sales force in value creation and appropriation: New directions for research. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 32(1), 15–28. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Boehm, D. N., Hogan, T. (2013). Science-to-business collaborations: A science-to-business marketing perspective on scientific knowledge commercialization. Industrial Marketing Management, 42(4), 564–579. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Boud, D. J., Keogh, R., Walker, D. (1985). Reflection: Turning experience into learning. New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Carr, W., Kemmis, S. (2003). Becoming critical: Education knowledge and action research. New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Chonko, L. B., Dubinsky, A. J., Jones, E., Roberts, J. A. (2003). Organizational and individual learning in the sales force: An agenda for sales research. Journal of Business Research, 56(12), 935–946. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Chonko, L. B., Jones, E., Roberts, J. A., Dubinsky, A. J. (2002). The role of environmental turbulence, readiness for change, and salesperson learning in the success of sales force change. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 22(4), 227–245. Google Scholar | |
|
Cooperrider, D., Whitney, D. D. (2005). Appreciative inquiry: A positive revolution in change. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler. Google Scholar | |
|
Cron, W. L., Marshall, G. W., Singh, J., Spiro, R. L., Sujan, H. (2005). Salesperson selection, training, and development: Trends, implications and research opportunities. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 25(2), 123–136. Google Scholar | |
|
Cummins, S., Peltier, J. W., Erffmeyer, R., Whalen, J. (2013). A critical review of the literature for sales educators. Journal of Marketing Education, 35(1), 68–78. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Deeter-Schmelz, D. R., Goebel, D. J., Kennedy, K. N. (2008). What are the characteristics of an effective sales manager ? An exploratory study comparing salesperson and sales manager perspectives. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 28(1), 7–20. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Dixon, A. L., Tanner, J. F. (2012). Transforming selling: Why it is time to think differently about sales research. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 32(1), 9–14. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Douglas, J. (1974). Investigative social research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Fogel, S., Hoffmeister, D., Rocco, R., Strunk, D. P. (2012). Teaching sales. Harvard Business Review, 90(7/8), 94–99. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Garnett, J., Costley, C., Workman, B. (2009). Work based learning: Journeys to the core of higher education. Middlesex, UK: Middlesex University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Gear, M. C., Scott, L. L., Liendo, E. C. (1993). Changing mind-sets: The potential unconscious. New York, NY: New York University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Global Sales Science Institute . (2013). Retrieved from http://www.globalsalesscienceinstitute.org Google Scholar | |
|
Hawes, J. M., Rich, A. K., Widmier, S. M. (2004). Assessing the development of the sales profession. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 24(1), 27–37. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hill, M. R. (1993). Archival strategies and techniques. London, UK: Sage. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Honeycutt, E. (2002). Sales management in the new millennium: An introduction. Industrial Marketing Management, 31(7), 555–558. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Inks, S. A., Avila, R. A. (2008). Preparing the next generation of sales professionals through social, experiential, and immersive learning experiences. Journal for Advancement of Marketing Education, 13, 47–55. Google Scholar | |
|
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Google Scholar | |
|
Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading change (Vol. 1996). Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Lambert, D. M., Enz, M. G. (2012). Managing and measuring value co-creation in business-to-business relationships. Journal of Marketing Management, 28(13/14), 1588–1625. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lassk, F. G., Ingram, T. N., Kraus, F., Di Mascio, R. (2012). The future of sales training: Challenges and related research questions. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 32(1), 141–154. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lee, N., Greenley, G. (2010). The theory-practice divide: Thoughts from the editors and Senior Advisory Board of EJM. European Journal of Marketing, 44(1/2), 5–20. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lord, R. G., Hannah, S. T., Jennings, P. L. (2011). A framework for understanding leadership and individual requisite complexity. Organizational Psychology Review, 1(2), 104–127. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Mantel, S. P., Pullins, E. B., Reid, D. A., Buehrer, R. E. (2002). A realistic sales experience: Providing feedback by integrating buying, selling, and managing experiences. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 22(1), 33–40. Google Scholar | |
|
Marcos, J., Ryals, L. J. (2011, May). The changing role of salespeople and consequences for required capabilities: A review and empirical exploration. Paper presented at the Academy of Marketing Science Annual Conference, Coral Gables, FL. Google Scholar | |
|
Marshall, G. W., Moncrief, W. C., Rudd, J. M., Lee, N. (2012). Revolution in sales: The impact of social media and related technology on the selling environment. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 32(2), 349–363. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
McNiff, J. (2010). Action research for professional development. Poole, UK: September. Google Scholar | |
|
Moncrief, W. C., Marshall, G. W. (2005). The evolution of the seven steps of selling. Industrial Marketing Management, 34(1), 13–22. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Moon, J. A. (2013). A handbook of reflective and experiential learning: Theory and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Peltier, J. W., Hay, A., Drago, W. (2005). The reflective learning continuum: Reflecting on reflection. Journal of Marketing Education, 27(3), 250–263. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Pettijohn, C. E., Pettijohn, L. S. (2009). An exploratory analysis of sales educational practices and sales skills, attitudes, and behaviors in MBA programs: The United States and the United Kingdom. Journal for Advancement of Marketing Education, 15, 25–34. Google Scholar | |
|
Rackham, N., DeVincentis, J. (1998). Rethinking the sales force: Refining selling to create and capture customer value. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar | |
|
Ricks, J. M., Williams, J. A., Weeks, W. A. (2008). Sales trainer roles, competencies, skills, and behaviors: A case study. Industrial Marketing Management, 37(5), 593–609. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Rousseau, D. M., McCarthy, S. (2007). Educating managers from an evidence-based perspective. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 6(1), 84–101. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Salopek, J. J. (2009). The POWER of the pyramid. T+D, 63(5), 70–75. Google Scholar | |
|
Schön, D. A. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
|
Sales Education Foundation . (2014). Retrieved from http://www.salesfoundation.org Google Scholar | |
|
Shannahan, R. J., Bush, A. J., Moncrief, W. C., Shannahan, K. L. J. (2013). Making sense of the customer’s role in the personal selling process: A theory of organizing and sensemaking perspective. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 33(3), 261–276. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Shapiro, B. P., Slywotsky, A. J., Doyle, S. X. (1998). Strategic sales management: A boardroom issue (Note 9-595-018). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School. Google Scholar | |
|
Squire, P. (2009). How can a client centred approach to selling lead to the co-creation of a new global seling mindset? Unpublished DProf (doctorate in professional practice) thesis, Middlesex University, UK. Google Scholar | |
|
Storbacka, K., Ryals, L., Davies, I. A., Nenonen, S., Davies, I. A. (2009). The changing role of sales: Viewing sales as a strategic, cross-functional process. European Journal of Marketing, 43(7/8), 890–906. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R. (1984). Introduction to qualitative research methods: The search for meaning. New York, NY: Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Thomas, H., Cornuel, E. (2012). Business schools in transition? Issues of impact, legitimacy, capabilities and re-invention. Journal of Management Development, 31(4), 329–335. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
U.S. Bureau of Statistics . (2010). Occupational outlook handbook. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/ooh/sales/home.htm Google Scholar | |
|
University Sales Center Alliance . (2013). Retrieved from http://www.universitysalescenteralliance.org Google Scholar | |
|
Verbeke, W., Dietz, B., Verwaal, E. (2011). Drivers of sales performance: A contemporary meta-analysis. Have salespeople become knowledge brokers? Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 39(3), 407–428. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Weick, K. E. (1995). Sensemaking in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Weitz, B. A., Bradford, K. D. (1999). Personal selling and sales management: A relationship marketing perspective. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27(2), 241–254. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Wheeler, R. (2008). Experiential learning: Impact of two instructional methods on student-instructor interaction, student critical thinking, and student course evaluations. Journal for Advancement of Marketing Education, 12, 63–78. Google Scholar | |
|
Whitehead, J., McNiff, J. (2006). Action research: Living theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Young, M. R. (2005). The motivational effects of the classroom environment in facilitating self-regulated learning. Journal of Marketing Education, 27(1), 25–40. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Young, M. R. (2010). Transforming the initial marketing education experience: An action learning approach. Journal of Marketing Education, 32(1), 13–24. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals |

