Abstract
This article engages the platform of critical geopolitics through conceptual clarification of the debates around chronopolitics (the politics of time). It argues that the current literature has either reduced it to the dynamic of ‘speed’ or the ‘modern’ time consciousness in geopolitics. After re-emphasizing a narrative understanding of temporality and a non-dichotomous conception of space and time, the article highlights the heterotemporality of geopolitical discourse. It suggests that chronopolitics should be understood not as an alternative to geopolitics but as one of its crucial elements – and one that can also be found in the project of a critical geopolitics.
References
|
Aalto, P, Berg, E (2002) Spatial practices and time in Estonia: From Post-Soviet Geopolitics to European Governance. Space and Polity 6(3): 253–270. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Adam, B (2006) Time. Theory, Culture and Society 23: 119–126. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Agnew, J (1996) Time into space: The myth of ‘backward’ Italy in modern Europe. Time and Society 5(1): 27–45. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Agnew, J (1998) Geopolitics: Re-visioning World Politics. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Agnew, J (2004) American hegemony into American empire? Lessons from the invasion of Iraq. Antipode 35 ( 5 ): 872–885. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Agnew, J (2009) Making the strange familiar: Geographical analogy in global geopolitics. The Geographical Review 99(3): 426–443. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Agnew, J (2010) Deus vult: The geopolitics of the Catholic church. Geopolitics 15: 39–61. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Agnew, J, Corbridge, S (1995) Mastering Space: Hegemony, Territory and International Political Economy. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Allan, S (1994) ‘When discourse is torn from reality’: Bakhtin and the principle of chronotopicity. Time and Society 3(2): 193–218. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Amoore, L (2006) Biometric borders: Governing mobilities in the war on terror. Political Geography 25: 336–351. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Anderson, P (1984) Modernity and revolution. New Left Review I /144: 96–113. Google Scholar | |
|
Baker, A (1981) An historico-geographical perspective on time and space and on period and place. Progress in Human Geography 5(3): 439–443. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Bakhtin, M (1981) The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Barnett, PM (2004) The Pentagon’s New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Berkley Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Bauman, Z (2000) Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Berman, M (1982) All That Is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity. New York: Penguin. Google Scholar | |
|
Black, J (2009) Geopolitics. London: Social Affairs Unit. Google Scholar | |
|
Brzezinski, Z (1997) The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives. New York: Basic Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Campbell, D (1992) Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Campbell, D (1998) National Deconstruction: Violence, Identity, and Justice in Bosnia. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Campbell, D (2005) The biopolitics of security: Oil, empire and the Sports Utility Vehicle. American Quarterly 57(3): 943–972. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Campbell, D, Power, M (2010) Guest editorial: The state of critical geopolitics. Political Geography 29: 243–246. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Chomsky, N (2004) Hegemony or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance. London: Penguin. Google Scholar | |
|
Ciută, F (2007) Narratives of security: Strategy and identity in the European context. In: Mole, R (ed.) Discursive Constructions of Identity in European Politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 190–207. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Cooper, R (2004) The Breaking of Nations: Order and Chaos in the Twenty-First Century. London: Atlantic Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Corfield, PJ (2007) Time and the Shape of History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Crang, M (1994) Spacing times, telling times and narrating the past. Time and Society 3: 29–45. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Dalby, S (1990) Creating the Second Cold War: The Discourse of Politics. London: Pinter. Google Scholar | |
|
Dalby, S (2010) Recontextualizing violence, power and nature: The next twenty years of critical geopolitics. Political Geography 29: 280–288. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Der Derian, J (1990) The (s)pace of international relations: Simulation, surveillance, and speed. International Studies Quarterly 32(3): 295–310. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Devetak, R (1995) The project of modernity and International Relations theory. Millennium: Journal of International Studies 24(1): 27–51. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Diez, T (2004) Europe’s others and the return of geopolitics. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 17(2): 319–335. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Dittmer, J (2007) The tyranny of the serial: Popular geopolitics, the nation, and comic book discourse. Antipode 39(2): 247–268. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Dittmer, J (2010) Popular Culture, Geopolitics and Identity. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. Google Scholar | |
|
Dittmer, J (2012) Captain America and the Nationalist Superhero. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Dittmer, J, Gray, N (2010) Popular geopolitics 2.0: Towards new methodologies of the everyday. Geography Compass 4(11): 1664–1677. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Dittmer, J, Sturm, T (2010) Mapping the End Times: American Evangelical Geopolitics and Apocalyptic Visions. Farnham: Ashgate. Google Scholar | |
|
Dodds, K (1996) The 1982 Falklands War and a critical geopolitical eye: Steve Bell and the If… cartoons. Political Geography 15 (6/7): 571–592. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Dodds, K (2005) Global Geopolitics: A Critical Introduction. Harlow: Pearson Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Dowler, L, Sharp, J (2001) A feminist geopolitics? Space and Polity 5(3): 165–176. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Fabian, J (1983) Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object. New York: Colombia University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Folch-Serra, M (1990) Place, voice, space: Mikhail Bakhtin’s dialogical landscape. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 8(3): 255–274. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Foucault, M (1980) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972–1977. New York: Pantheon Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Foucault, M (1986) On other spaces. Diacritics 16(1): 22–27. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Fukuyama, F (1989) The end of history. The National Interest 16 (Summer): 3–18. Google Scholar | |
|
Geopolitics (2006) Special issue: Religion and geopolitics. Geopolitics 11(2): 183–347. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Geopolitics (2011) Geopolitical forum: The value of territory: Towards a Marxist geopolitics. Geopolitics 16: 211–235. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gray, CS (2005) Another Bloody Century: Future Warfare. London: Orion. Google Scholar | |
|
Gregory, D (2004) The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Gregory, D (2009) Seeing red: Baghdad and the event-ful city. Political Geography 29: 266–279. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Harvey, D (1989) The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford: Blackwell. Google Scholar | |
|
Heffernan, M (2000) Balancing visions: Comments on Gearoid Ó Tuathail’s critical geopolitics. Political Geography 19: 347–352. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Holloway, J, Kneale, J (2000) Mikhail Bakhtin: Dialogics of space. In: Crang, M (ed.) Thinking Space. London: Routledge, 71–88. Google Scholar | |
|
Hom, A (2010) Hegemonic metronome: The ascendancy of western standard time. Review of International Studies 36(4): 1145–1170. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hörschelmann, K (2008) Populating the landscapes of critical geopolitics: Young people’s response to the war in Iraq. Political Geography 27: 587–609. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Huntington, S (1996) The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. London: Simon and Schuster. Google Scholar | |
|
Hutchings, K (2008) Time and World Politics: Thinking the Present. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hyndman, J (2004) Mind the gap: Bridging feminist and political geography through geopolitics. Political Geography 23 (3): 307–322. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Johnson, NC (2001) From time immemorial: Narratives of nationhood and the making of national space. In: May, J, Thrift, N (eds) Timespace: Geographies of Temporality. London: Routledge, 89–105. Google Scholar | |
|
Kaplan, RD (1997) The Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War. New York: Vintage Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Kelly, P (2006) A critique of critical geopolitics. Geopolitics 11: 24–53. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kissinger, H (2002) Does America Need a Foreign Policy? Towards a Diplomacy for the Twenty-First Century. London: Schuster and Simon. Google Scholar | |
|
Koselleck, R (2002) The Practice of Conceptual History: Timing History, Spacing Concepts. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Lucas, E (2008) The New Cold War: How the Kremlin Menaces Both Russia and the West. London: Bloomsbury. Google Scholar | |
|
Luke, T, Ó Tuathail, G (1998) Global flowmations, local fundamentalisms, and fast geopolitics: ‘America’ in an accelerating world order. In: Herod, A, Ó Tuathail, G, Roberts, SM (eds) An Unruly World? Globalization, Governance and Geography. London: Routledge, 72–94. Google Scholar | |
|
Luke, T, Ó Tuathail, G (2000) Thinking geopolitical space: The spatiality of war, speed and vision in the work of Paul Virilio. In: Crang, M (ed.) Thinking Space. London: Routledge, 360–379. Google Scholar | |
|
Mackinder, H (1904) The geographical pivot of history. The Geographical Journal 23(4): 421–437. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
McClintock, A (1992) The angel of progress: Pitfalls of the term ‘post-colonialism’. Social Text 31 /32: 84–98. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Mamadouh, V (1999) Reclaiming geopolitics: Geographers strike back. Geopolitics 4(1): 118–138. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Massey, D (1992) Politics and space/time. New Left Review 196 (Nov/Dec): 65–84. Google Scholar | |
|
Massey, D (2005) For Space. London: SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
May, J, Thrift, N (2001) Introduction. In: May, J, Thrift, N (eds) Timespace: Geographies of Temporality. London: Routledge, 1–46. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Megoran, N (2006) For ethnography in political geography: Experiencing and re-imagining Ferghana valley boundary closures. Political Geography 25(6): 622–640. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Megoran, N (2008) Militarism, realism, just war, or non-violence? Critical geopolitics and the problem of normativity. Geopolitics 13(3): 473–487. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Mercille, J (2008) The radical geopolitics of US foreign policy: Geopolitical and geoeconomic logics of power. Political Geography 27(5): 570–586. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Merriman, P (2012) Human Geography without time-space. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 37(1): 13–27. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Müller, M (2009) Making Great Power Identities in Russia: An Ethnographic Discourse Analysis of Education at a Russian Elite University. Zurich: LIT. Google Scholar | |
|
Müller, M, Reuber, P (2008) Empirical verve, conceptual doubts: Looking from the outside in at critical geopolitics. Geopolitics 13(3): 458–472. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
O’Loughlin, J, Ó Tuathail, G, Kolossov, V (2004) Russian geopolitical storylines and public opinion in the wake of 9-11: A critical geopolitical analysis and national survey. Communist and Post-Communist Studies 37: 281–318. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Osborne, P (1995) The Politics of Time: Modernity and Avant-Garde. London: Verso. Google Scholar | |
|
Ó Tuathail, G (1996) Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Ó Tuathail, G (1998) Postmodern geopolitics? The modern geopolitical imagination and beyond? In: Ó Tuathail, G, Dalby, S (eds) Rethinking Geopolitics. London: Routledge, 16–38. Google Scholar | |
|
Ó Tuathail, G (2002) Theorizing practical geopolitical reasoning: The case of the United States’ response to the war in Bosnia. Political Geography 21 (5): 601–628. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ó Tuathail, G (2006) General introduction: Thinking critically about geopolitics. In: Ó Tuathail, G, Dalby, S, Routledge, P (eds) The Geopolitics Reader. London: Routledge, 1–14. Google Scholar | |
|
Ó Tuathail, G (2008) Russia’s Kosovo: A critical geopolitics of the August 2008 war over South Ossetia. Eurasian Geography and Economics 49(6): 670–705. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ó Tuathail, G (2010a) Localizing geopolitics: Disaggregating violence and return in conflict regions. Political Geography 29(5): 256–265. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ó Tuathail, G (2010b) Opening remarks. In: Jones L and Sage S (eds) New directions in critical geopolitics: An introduction. GeoJournal 75(4): 315–325. Google Scholar | |
|
Ó Tuathail, G, Agnew, J (1992) Geopolitics and discourse: Practical geopolitical reasoning in American foreign policy. Political Geography 11(2): 190–204. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ó Tuathail, G, Dalby, S (1994) Editorial: Critical geopolitics: Unfolding spaces for thought in geography and global politics. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12: 513–514. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Ó Tuathail, G, Dalby, S (1998) Re-thinking geopolitics: Towards a critical geopolitics. In: Ó Tuathail, G, Dalby, S (eds) Rethinking Geopolitics. London: Routledge, 1–15. Google Scholar | |
|
Parel, AJ (1991) The question of Machiavelli’s modernity. The Review of Politics 53(2): 320–339. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Pin-Fat, V (2005) The metaphysics of the nation-state: Reading Hans J. Morgenthau. Review of International Studies 31(2): 217–236. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Prozorov, S (2010) The other as past and present: Beyond the logic of temporal othering in IR theory. Review of International Studies 37(3): 1273–1293. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ricoeur, P (1980) Narrative time. Critical Inquiry 7(1): 169–190. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ricoeur, P (1981) Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences: Essays on Language, Action and Interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Ricoeur, P (1983) Time and Narrative, Volume I. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Ricoeur, P (2010) Power and violence. Theory, Culture and Society 27(5): 18–36. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Rogers, J (2009) From ‘civilian power’ to ‘global power’: Explicating the European Union’s ‘grand strategy’ through discourse theory. Journal of Common Market Studies 47(4): 831–862. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ruggie, JG (1993) Territoriality and beyond: Problematizing modernity in international relations. International Organization 47(1): 139–174. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Sabelis, I, Keenoy, T, Oswick, C, Ybema, S (2005) Introduction to time and discourse: Time, text and tuning. Time and Society 14 (2/3): 261–263. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Said, E (1995 [1978]) Orientalism. London: Penguin. Google Scholar | |
|
Schmitt, C (1954) Land und Meer. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta. Google Scholar | |
|
Sharp, J (2000) Condensing the Cold War: Reader’s Digest and American Identity. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Simms, K (2003) Paul Ricoeur. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Slater, D (2004) Geopolitics and the Post-colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations. Oxford: Blackwell. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Soja, EW (1989) Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory. London: Verso. Google Scholar | |
|
Sparke, M (2003) American empire and Globalization: Postcolonial speculations on neo-colonial enframing. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 24(3): 373–389. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Therborn, G (2003) Entangled modernities. European Journal of Social Theory 6(3): 293–305. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Thrift, N (1977) Time and theory in human geography: Part I. Progress in Human Geography 1(1): 54–101. Google Scholar | |
|
Thrift, N (2000) It’s the little things. In: Dodds, K, Atkinson, D (eds) Geopolitical Traditions: A Century of Geopolitical Thought. London: Routledge, 380–387. Google Scholar | |
|
Thrift, N (2002) A hyperactive world. In: Johnston, RJ, Taylor, PJ, Watts, MJ (eds) Geographies of Global Change: Remapping the World. Oxford: Blackwell, 29–42. Google Scholar | |
|
Vanhoozer, K (1991) Philosophical antecedents to Rioeur’s Time and Narrative. In: Wood, D (ed.) On Paul Ricoeur: Narrative and Interpretation. London: Routledge, 34–54. Google Scholar | |
|
Virilio, P (1977) Speed and Politics. Los Angeles, CA: Semiotexte. Google Scholar | |
|
Virilio, P (1998) The Information Bomb. London: Verso. Google Scholar | |
|
Walker, RBJ (1995) International relations and the concept of the political. In: Booth, K, Smith, S (eds) International Relations Theory Today. Oxford: Blackwell, 306–327. Google Scholar | |
|
Weizman, E (2007) Hollow Land: Israel’s Architecture of Occupation. London: Verso. Google Scholar | |
|
White, H (1987) The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Williams, MC (1998) Identity and the politics of security. European Journal of International Relations 4(2): 204–225. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI |
