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Research article
First published online March 1, 2017

Concubinage and Motherhood in Qing China (1644–1911): Ritual, Law, and Custodial Rights of Property

Abstract

This article explores concubinage, a widespread form of quasi-marriage in Qing China (1644–1911), and its relationship with motherhood and social mobility. By examining legal codes and court records, this research challenges the academic paradigm, mainly based on literati writings, that portrays concubines as reproductive tools for their husband-masters and their husband-masters’ wives. It shows that bearing or raising sons or daughters helped concubines achieve upward social mobility recognized and protected by law and that motherhood remained the major source of power and security for concubines in the Qing. After household divisions, concubine-mothers gained lifelong custodial rights of property, which formally consolidated concubine-mothers’ upward mobility from daughters or widows in lower-class families to matriarchs in well-to-do households.

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Biographies

Yue Du is a PhD candidate at the Department of History at New York University, where she is completing her dissertation, “Parenthood and the State in China, 1644-1949: Law, Ritual, and State-Building.” “Parenthood and the State in China” explores how state-sponsored filiality shaped China’s transition from empire to nation-state, engaging the broader issue of how a nation-state established its own legitimacy simultaneously as an ideological antithesis and a political heir to the empire it replaced. She has recently published “Legal Justice in Eighteenth-century Mongolia: Gender, Ethnicity, and Politics in the Manchu-Mongol Marriage Alliance” in Late Imperial China. Her dissertation and her other research interests form part of a larger research agenda that aims to advance scholarly understandings of the legacy early modern China passed on to modern China and its relationship with the radical changes China went through during the twentieth century, particularly in the context of law, gender, and politics.

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Published In

Article first published online: March 1, 2017
Issue published: April 2017

Keywords

  1. Qing China (1644–1911)
  2. law
  3. concubine
  4. motherhood
  5. custodial rights of property
  6. household division

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© 2017 The Author(s).
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Authors

Affiliations

Yue Du
The Department of History, New York University, New York, NY, USA

Notes

Yue Du, The Department of History, New York University, 53 Washington Square South, New York, NY 10012, USA. Email: [email protected]

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This article was published in Journal of Family History.

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  2. Disobedient Children, Hybrid Filiality: Negotiating Parent–Child Relations in Local Legal System in Republican China, 1911–1949
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  3. Policies and Counterstrategies: State-Sponsored Filiality and False Accusation in Qing China
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