Abstract
This study provides concurrent and predictive validity and test-retest reliability evidence for scores from the preschool teacher-completed Preschool Learning Behaviors Scale (PLBS; McDermott, Green, Francis, & Stott, 2002) using two regional samples of preschool children aged 3 to 5.5 years (Ns of 61 and 70). Teacher ratings of social skills and problem behaviors were collected using the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales (PKBS; Merrell, 1994), and estimates of preschoolers' basic concept attainment were obtained using the individually administered Bracken Basic Concept Scale (BBCS; Bracken, 1984). Results indicated that preschoolers' adaptive learning behaviors were positively correlated with social skills and negatively associated with problem behaviors but were not significantly related to subsequent basic concept attainment. Four-week test-retest coefficients for the PLBS Total score and Competence Motivation, Attention/Persistence, and Attitude Toward Learning subscale scores were adequate. Results support the unique contribution of PLBS scores in understanding children's responses to learning activities in preschool classroom environments.
|
Achenbach, T. M. (1982). Developmental psychopathology (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Achenbach, T. M. (1988). Integrating assessment and taxonomy. In M. Rutter , A. H. Tuma , & I. S. Lann (Eds.), Assessment and diagnosis in child psychopathology (pp. 300-343). New York: Guilford. Google Scholar | |
|
Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Teacher's Report Form and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry. Google Scholar | |
|
Agostin, T. M. , & Bain, S. K. (1997). Predicting early school success with developmental and social skills screeners. Psychology in the Schools, 34, 219-228. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Anastasi, A. (1988). Psychological testing (6th ed.). New York: Macmillan. Google Scholar | |
|
Anderson, D. R. (1983). Prevalence of behavioral and emotional disturbance and specific problem types in a sample of disadvantaged preschool-aged children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12, 130-136. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Anderson, S. , & Messick, S. (1974). Social competency in young children. Developmental Psychology, 10, 282-293. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Aylward, G. P. (1994). Critical issues in developmental and behavioral pediatrics: Practitioner's guide to developmental and psychological testing. New York: Plenum. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bagnato, S. J. , & Neisworth, J. T. (1991). Assessment for early intervention: Best practices for professionals. New York: Guilford. Google Scholar | |
|
Barkley, R. A. (1988). Child behavior rating scales and checklists. In M. Rutter , A. H. Tuma , & I. S. Lann (Eds.), Assessment and diagnosis in child psychopathology (pp. 113-155). New York: Guilford. Google Scholar | |
|
Barnett, D. W. , Bell, S. H. , & Carey, K. T. (1999). Designing preschool interventions: A practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford. Google Scholar | |
|
Birrell, H. V. , Phillips, C. J. , & Stott, D. H. (1985). Learning style and school attainment in young children. School Psychology International, 6, 207-218. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Bracken, B. A. (1984). Bracken Basic Concept Scale. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Brace Educational Measurement. Google Scholar | |
|
Bracken, B. A. , & Walker, K. C. (1997). The utility of intelligence tests for preschool children. In D. P. Flanagan , J. L. Genshaft , & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues (pp. 484-502). New York: Guilford. Google Scholar | |
|
Bronson, M. B. (1994). The usefulness of an observational measure of young children's social and mastery behaviors in early childhood classrooms. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 9, 19-43. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Caldwell, C. B. , & Pianta, R. C. (1991). A measure of young children's problem and competence behaviors: The Early School Behavior Scale. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 9, 3244. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Campbell, S. B. (1995). Behavior problems in preschool children: A review of recent research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 36, 113-149. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Childs, G. , & McKay, M. (1997). The influence of family background on teachers' ratings of children starting school. Australian Journal of Psychology, 49, 33-41. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Childs, G. , & McKay, M. (2001). Boys starting school disadvantaged: Implications from teachers' ratings of behaviour and achievement in the first two years. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 303-314. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Conners, C. K. (1990). Conners Rating Scales Manual. North Tonowanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems. Google Scholar | |
|
Coolahan, K. , Fantuzzo, J. , Mendez, J. , & McDermott, P. (2000). Preschool peer interactions and readiness to learn: Relationships between classroom peer play and learning behaviors and conduct. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 458-465. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Del'Homme, M. A. , Sinclair, E. , & Kasari, C. (1994). Preschool children with behavioral problems: Observation in instructional and free play contexts. Behavioral Disorders, 19, 221-232. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
De Rosier, M. , Kupersmidt, J. B. , & Patterson, C. J. (1994). Children's academic and behavioral adjustment as a function of the chronicity and proximity of peer rejection. Child Development, 65, 1799-1813. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Egeland, B. , Kalkoske, M. , Gottesman, N. , & Erickson, M. F. (1990). Preschool behavior problems: Stability and factors accounting for change. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 891-909. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Elliott, C. D. (1990). Differential Ability Scales: Introductory and technical handbook. New York: The Psychological Corporation. Google Scholar | |
|
Elliot, S. N. , Busse, R. T. , & Gresham, F. M. (1993). Behavior rating scales: Issues of use and development. School Psychology Review, 22, 313-321. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Fantuzzo, J. , Bulotsky, R. , McDermott, P. , Mosca, S. , & Lutz, M. N. (2003). A multivariate analysis of emotional and behavioral adjustment and preschool educational outcomes. School Psychology Review, 32, 185-203. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Glutting, J. J. , Kelly, M. S. , Boehm, A. E. , & Burnett, T. R. (1989). Stability and predictive validity of the Boehm Test of Basic Concepts-Revised among black kindergartners. Journal of School Psychology, 27, 365-371. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Glutting, J. J. , & McDermott, P. A. (1988). Generality of test-session observations to kindergartners' classroom behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 527-537. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Green, L. F. , & Francis, J. M. (1988). Children's learning skills at the infant and junior stages: A follow-on study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 58, 120-126. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Green, L. F. , Francis, J. M. , & Stott, D. H. (1984). Confirmation of the relationship between children's learning styles and attainments by examination of discordant cases. Human Learning, 3, 295-304. Google Scholar | |
|
Gresham, F. M. , & Elliot, S. N. (1987). The relationship between adaptive behavior and social skills: Issues in definition and assessment. The Journal of Special Education, 21, 167-181. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Gresham, F. M. , & Elliot, S. N. (1990). Social Skills Rating System: Manual. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service. Google Scholar | |
| Hampton, V. R. (1999). The Penn Interactive Peer Play Scale for Kindergarten: Building essential linkages in early childhood assessment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. Google Scholar | |
| Individuals with Education Disabilities Act of 1990, Pub.L. No. 101476 (1990). Google Scholar | |
| Individuals with Education Disabilities Act Amendments of 1997, Pub. L. No. 105-17 (1997). Google Scholar | |
|
Jentzsch, C. E. , & Merrell, K. W. (1996). An investigation of construct validity of the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales. Diagnostiqué, 21, 1-15. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Kamphaus, R. W. , & Frick, P. J. (2002). Clinical assessment of child and adolescent personality and behavior (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Simon & Schuster. Google Scholar | |
|
Karoley, P. (1981). Self-management problems in children. In E. J. Mash & L. G. Terdall (Eds.), Behavioral assessment of childhood disorders (pp. 79-126). New York: Guilford. Google Scholar | |
|
Keenan, K. , & Shaw, D. (1997). Developmental and social influences on young girls' early problem behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 95-113. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Keogh, B. K. , & Becker, L. D. (1973). Early detection of learning problems: Questions, cautions, and guidelines. Exceptional Children, 40, 5-11. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Knoff, H. M. , Stollar, S. A. , Johnson, J. J. , & Chenneville, T. A. (1999). Assessment of social-emotional functioning and adaptive behavior. In E. V. Nutall , I. Romero , &J. Kalesnik (Eds.), Assessing and screening preschoolers: Psychological and educational dimensions (pp. 126-160). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Google Scholar | |
| Leigh, N. M. (1995). Factor analysis, reliability, and validity of the Preschool Learning Behaviors Scale. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. Google Scholar | |
|
Libet, J. , & Lewinsohn, P. M. (1973). The concept of social skill with special references to the behavior of depressed persons. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 40, 304-312. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Lutz, M. N. , Fantuzzo, J. , & McDermott, P. (2002). Multidimensional assessment of emotional and behavioral adjustment problems of low-income preschool children: Development and initial validation. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 17, 338-355. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Martin, R. P. , Hooper, S. , & Snow, J. (1986). Behavior rating scale approaches to personality assessment in children and adolescents. In H. M. Knoff (Ed.), The assessment of child and adolescent personality (pp. 309-351). New York: Guilford. Google Scholar | |
|
Mash, E. J. , & Dozios, D. J. A. (1996). Child psychopathology: A developmental-systems perspective. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Child psychopathology (pp. 3-60). New York: Guilford. Google Scholar | |
|
McDermott, P. A. (1984). Comparative functions of preschool learning style and IQ in predicting future academic performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 9, 3847. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
McDermott, P. A. , & Beitman, B. S. (1984). Standardization of a scale for the study of children's learning styles: Structure, stability, and criterion validity. Psychology in the Schools, 21, 5-13. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
McDermott, P. A. , Green, L. F. , Francis, J. M. , & Stott, D. H. (2000). The Preschool Learning Behaviors Scale. Philadelphia: Edumetric & Clinical Science. Google Scholar | |
|
McDermott, P. A. , Leigh, N. M. , & Perry, M. A. (2002). Development and validation of the Preschool Learning Behaviors Scale. Psychology in the Schools, 39, 353-365. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
McDermott, P. A. , & Schaefer, B. A. (1996, June). Youth learning strategies by age, sex, ethnicity, and social status. Pennsylvania Psychological Association, Philadelphia. Google Scholar | |
|
McDermott, P. A. , & Watkins, M. W. (1988). Relative contributions of learning patterns and behavior disturbance to the predication of academic achievement. Unpublished manuscript. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Google Scholar | |
|
Merrell, K. W. (1994). The Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales. Brandon, VT: Clinical Psychology Publishing. Google Scholar | |
|
Merrell, K. W. (1995). An investigation of the relationship between social skills and internalizing problems in early childhood: Construct validity of the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 13, 230-240. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Merrell, K. W. (1996). Social emotional assessment in early childhood: The Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales. Journal of Early Intervention, 20, 132-145. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Merrell, K. W. , & Gimpel, G. A. (1998). Social skills of children and adolescents. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Miller, L. S. , Koplewicz, H. S. , & Klein, R. G. (1997). Teacher ratings of hyperactivity, inattention, and conduct problems in preschoolers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 113-119. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Nagle, R. J. (2000). Issues in preschool assessment. In B. A. Bracken (Ed.), The psychoeducational assessment of preschool children (3rd ed., pp. 19-32). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Google Scholar | |
| No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Pub. L. No.107-110, 115 Stat. 1425 (2002). Google Scholar | |
|
Phillips, C. J. , Stott, D. H. , & Birrell, H. V. (1987). The effects of learning style on progress towards literacy and numeracy. Educational Review, 39, 3141. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Phillips, C. J. , & Williams, A. (1983). Assessing children's learning skills in the first term of infant schooling. Educational Review, 35, 255-265. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Riccio, C. (1995). Test review: Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 13, 194-196. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Rimm-Kaufman, S. E. , Pianta, R. C. , & Cox, M.J. (2000). Teachers' judgments of problems in the transition to kindergarten. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 15, 147-166. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Rose, S. L. , Rose, S. A. , & Feldman, J. F. (1989). Stability of behavior problems in very young children. Development and Psychopathology, 1, 5-19. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Sadker, M. , & Sadker, D. (1995). Failing at fairness: How our schools cheat girls. New York: Simon & Schuster. Google Scholar | |
|
Salvia, J. , & Ysseldyke, J. E. (1995). Assessment (6th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Google Scholar | |
|
Satz, P. , & Fletcher, J. M. (1988). Early identification of learning disabled children: An old problem revisited. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 824-829. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Schaefer, B. A. , & McDermott, P. A. (1999). Learning behavior and intelligence as explanations for children's scholastic achievement. Journal of School Psychology, 37, 299-313. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Stott, D. H. (1981). Behaviour disturbance and failure to learn: A study of cause and effect. Educational Research, 23, 163-172. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Stott, D. H. (1985). Learning style or `intelligence'? School Psychology International, 6, 167-174. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Stott, D. H. , Green, L. F. , & Francis, J. M. (1983). Learning style and school attainment. Human Learning, 2, 61-75. Google Scholar | |
|
Thurlow, M. L. , & Gilman, C. J. (1999). Issues and practices in the screening of preschool children. In E. V. Nutall , I. Romero , &J. Kalesnik (Eds.), Assessing and screening preschoolers: Psychological and educational dimensions (pp. 72-93). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Google Scholar | |
|
Walker, H. M. , & McConnell, S. R. (1995). Walker-McConnell Scale of Social Competence and School Adjustment-Elementary Version. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group. Google Scholar |

