Abstract
Tablet computers (tablets) are positioned to be powerful, innovative, effective, and motivating research and assessment tools. We addressed two questions critical for evaluating the appropriateness of using tablets to study number-line estimation, a skill associated with math achievement and argued to be central to numerical cognition. First, is performance with paper and pencil comparable with performance on a tablet? Second, is comparability affected by students’ preference for one method of presentation? Thirty-two students in Grade 6 estimated targets on a number line; half estimated with paper and pencil and half with a tablet. For both presentation methods, students’ performance was comparable. Students liked both presentation conditions equally but, when asked to choose, most students preferred the tablet. Preference did not influence comparability of results across presentation methods. Finally, students’ reasons for their preferences were explored, along with implications for using tablet applications in research and educational assessment.
|
Alibali, M. W., Goldin-Meadow, S. (1993). Gesture-speech mismatch and mechanisms of learning: What the hands reveal about a child’s state of mind. Cognitive Psychology, 25, 468-523. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Ashcraft, M. H., Moore, A. M. (2012). Cognitive processes of numerical estimation in children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 111, 246-267. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Barth, H. C., Paladino, A. M. (2011). The development of numerical estimation: Evidence against a representational shift. Developmental Science, 14, 125-135. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Benton, B. K. (2012). The iPad as an instructional tool: An examination of teacher implementation experience (Doctoral dissertation). Available from Proquest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3516595) Google Scholar | |
|
Bonnington, C. (2012, January 20). iPad a solid education tool, study reports. Wired. Available from http://www.wired.com Google Scholar | |
|
Booth, J. L., Siegler, R. S. (2006). Developmental and individual differences in pure numerical estimation. Developmental Psychology, 42, 189-201. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Booth, J. L., Siegler, R. S. (2008). Numerical magnitude representations influence arithmetic learning. Child Development, 79, 1016-1031. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Brouillette, R. M., Foil, H., Fontenot, S., Correro, A., Allen, R., Martin, C. K., . . . Keller, J. N. (2013). Feasibility, reliability, and validity of a smartphone based application for the assessment of cognitive function in the elderly. PLoS ONE, 8, 1-5. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Columbus, L. (2013, September 12). IDC: 97% of connected devices sales by 2017 will be tablets and smartphones. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2013/09/12/idc-87-of-connected-devices-by-2017-will-be-tablets-and-smartphones/ Google Scholar | |
|
Conner, T. (2015). Measurement on the move: Advancing science through mobile technology. Observer, 28, 19-22. Google Scholar | |
|
Davis, L. L., Strain-Seymour, E., Gay, H. (2013). Testing on tablets: Part II of a series of usability studies on the use of tablets for K-12 assessment programs [White paper]. Pearson. Retrieved from http://researchnetwork.pearson.com/wp-content/uploads/Testing-on-Tablets-Part-II_formatted.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Dubé, A., McEwen, R. N. (2014). Do gestures matter? The implications of using touchscreen devices in mathematics instruction. Manuscript submitted for publication. Google Scholar | |
|
Dufau, S., Duñabeitia, J. A., Moret-Tatay, C., McGonigal, A., Peeters, D., Alario, F. X., . . . Grainger, J. (2011). Smart phone, smart science: How the use of smartphones can revolutionize research in cognitive science. PLoS ONE, 6, 1-3. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ebersbach, M., Luwel, K., Verschaffel, L. (2013). Comparing apples and pears in studies on magnitude estimations. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 332. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Falloon, G. (2013). Young students using iPads: App design and content influence on their learning pathways. Computers & Education, 68, 505-521. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175-191. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Goldin-Meadow, S. (2006). Nonverbal communication: The hand’s role in talking and thinking. In Damon, W., Lerner, R. M. (Series Eds.), Kuhn, D., Siegler, R. (Vol. Eds.), Cognition, Perception, and Language: Vol. 2. Handbook of child psychology (6th ed., pp. 336-369). New York, NY: John Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Hu, W. (2011, January 4). Math that moves: Schools embrace the iPad. The New York Times. Available from http://www.nytimes.com Google Scholar | |
|
Jabr, F. (2013, April). The reading brain in the digital age: The science of paper versus screens. Scientific American. Available from www.scientificamerican.com Google Scholar | |
|
LaRoque, S. D., Obrzut, J. E. (2006). Pencil pressure and anxiety in drawings: A techno-projective approach. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 24, 381-393. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Laski, E. V., Siegler, R. S. (2007). Is 27 a big number? Correlational and causal connections among numerical categorization, number line estimation, and numerical magnitude comparison. Child Development, 78, 1723-1743. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
LeFevre, J.-A., Fast, L., Skwarchuk, S.-L., Smith-Chant, B. L., Bisanz, J., Kamawar, D., Penner-Wilger, M. (2010). Pathways to mathematics: Longitudinal predictors of performance. Child Development, 81, 1753-1767. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
LeFevre, J.-A., Greenham, S. L., Waheed, N. (1993). The development of procedural and conceptual knowledge in computational estimation. Cognition and Instruction, 11, 95-132. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lynch, J., Redpath, T. (2014). “Smart” technologies in early years literacy education: A meta-narrative of paradigmatic tensions in iPad use in an Australian preparatory classroom. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 14, 147-174. doi:10.1177/1468798412453150 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Miller, G. (2012). The smartphone psychology manifesto. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 221-237. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Newman, R. S., Berger, C. F. (1984). Children’s numerical estimation: Flexibility in the use of counting. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 55-64. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Opfer, J., Thompson, C. A. (2008). The trouble with transfer: Insights from microgenetic changes in the representation of numerical magnitude. Child Development, 79, 788-804. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Pellicano, E., Aagten-Murphy, D., Attucci, C., Klaric, E., Burr, D. (2011, May). Number sense in autism. Poster session presented at the 10th International Meeting for Autism Research (IMFAR), San Diego, USA. Google Scholar | |
|
Petitto, A. L. (1990). Development of numberline and measurement concepts. Cognition and Instruction, 7, 55-78. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Piatt, C., Bisanz, J., Volden, J. (2015, March). Number-line estimation and mathematical achievement. In Laski, E. (Chair), Using strategies as a crystal ball: Which strategies predict mathematics achievement? Symposium presented at the Society for Research in Child Development Biennial Meeting, Philadelphia, PA. Google Scholar | |
|
Rich, M. E. (2010, April 13). Why the iPad absolutely matters [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.zdnet.com/blog/education/why-the-ipad-absolutely-matters/3800 Google Scholar | |
|
Schneider, M., Grabner, R. H., Paetsch, J. (2009). Mental number line, number line estimation, and mathematical achievement: Their interrelations in grades 5 and 6. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101, 359-372. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Schneider, M., Siegler, R. S. (2010). Representations of the magnitudes of fractions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36, 1227-1238. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Segal, A. (2011). Do gestural interfaces promote thinking? (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3453956) Google Scholar | |
|
Shepard, I. J., Reeves, B. (2011, March). iPad or iFad—The reality of a paperless classroom. Paper session presented at Mobility Conference, Abilene, TX. Google Scholar | |
|
Siegler, R. S., Booth, J. L. (2005). Development of numerical estimation: A review. In Campbell, J. I. D. (Ed.), Handbook of mathematical cognition (pp. 197-212). New York, NY: Psychology Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Siegler, R. S., Lortie-Forgues, H. (2014). An integrative theory of numerical development. Child Development Perspectives, 8, 144-150. doi:10.1111/cdep.12077 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Siegler, R. S., Opfer, J. E. (2003). The development of numerical estimation: Evidence for multiple representations of numerical quantity. Psychological Science, 17, 237-243. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Siegler, R. S., Ramani, G. B. (2009). Playing linear number board games—but not circular ones—improves low-income preschoolers’ numerical understanding. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101, 545-560. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Siegler, R. S., Thompson, C. A., Opfer, J. E. (2009). The logarithmic-to-linear shift: One learning sequence, many tasks, many time scales. Mind, Brain, and Education, 3, 143-150. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Slusser, E. B., Santiago, R. T., Barth, H. C. (2013). Developmental change in numerical estimation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142, 193-208. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Statistics Canada . (2013a). 2011 National Household Survey (Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011055). Retrieved June 26, 2013 from Statistics Canada: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1122909&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=106037&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=1&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=96&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 Google Scholar | |
|
Statistics Canada . (2013b). 2011 National Household Survey (Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 99-004-XWE). Retrieved Septemeber 11, 2013 from Statistics Canada: http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4811013&Data=Count&SearchText=Beaumont&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=48&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 Google Scholar | |
|
Sullivan, J. L., Juhasz, B. J., Slattery, T. J., Barth, H. C. (2011). Adults’ number-line estimation strategies: Evidence from eye movements. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18, 557-563. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Thompson, C. A., Opfer, J. (2008). Costs and benefits of representational change: Effects of context on age and sex differences in symbolic magnitude estimation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 101, 20-51. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Thompson, C. A., Opfer, J. (2010). How 15 hundred is like 15 cherries: Effect of progressive alignment on representational change in numerical cognition. Child Development, 81, 1768-1786. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Thompson, C. A., Siegler, R. S. (2010). Linear numerical magnitude representations aid children’s memory for numbers. Psychological Science, 21, 1274-1281. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Träff, U. (2013). The contribution of general cognitive abilities and number abilities to different aspects of mathematics in children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 116, 139-156. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
White, S., Szűcs, D. (2012). Representational change and strategy use in children’s number line estimation during the first years of primary school. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 8, 1-12. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI |

