![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
This study examined the psychometric properties of the school engagement measure (SEM) in Singapore. The sample consisted of 1,027 students from a multi-ethnic Singapore adolescent community. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed that the two-factor solution, namely, (a) Emotional and (b) Cognitive Engagement, was the best fit for the data. Reliability for the 11-item SEM as well as its Emotional and Cognitive subscales was good. Concurrent validity was assessed using correlations between Emotional Engagement, Cognitive Engagement, SEM Total scores, and the measure of aggression and delinquency. Statistically significant negative correlations were found between SEM scores with aggression and delinquency. Taken together, the findings suggest that the SEM is a useful instrument for assessing school engagement among Asian students, in particular in Singapore.
References
Section:
|
Alspaugh, J. W. (1998). Achievement loss associated with the transition to middle school and high school. The Journal of Educational Research, 92, 20-25. doi:10.1080/00220679809597572 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Appleton, J. J., Christenson, S. L., Kim, D., Reschly, A. L. (2006). Measuring cognitive and psychological engagement: Validation of the Student Engagement Instrument. Journal of School Psychology, 44, 427-445. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2006.04.002 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Archambault, I., Janosz, M., Fallu, J. S., Pagani, L. S. (2009). Student engagement and its relationship with early high school dropout. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 651-670. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.06.007 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Bartlett, M. S. (1950). Tests of significance in factor analysis. British Journal of Psychology, 3, 77-85. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1950.tb00285.x Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Battistich, V., Hom, A. (1997). The relationship between students’ sense of their school as a community and their involvement in problem behaviors. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 1997-2001. doi:10.2105/AJPH.87.12.1997 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Bernet, E., Karsenti, T., Roy, N. (2014). Measuring school engagement: Academic engagement in disadvantaged areas: Translation and validation. Educational Journal of the University of Patras UNESCO Chair, 1(1), 20-33. Google Scholar | |
|
Bowen, G. L., Rose, R. A., Bowen, N. K. (2005). The reliability and validity of the School Success Profile. Philadelphia, PA: Xlibris. Google Scholar | |
|
Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G. J. (1997). The effects of poverty on children. The Future of Children, 7(2), 55-71. doi:10.2307/1602387 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Byrne, B. M. (1994). Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Applied Psychological Measurement, 18, 191-194. doi:10.1177/014662169401800208 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Chen, C., Stevenson, H. W. (1995). Motivation and mathematics achievement: A comparative study of asian-american, caucasian-american, and east asian high school students. Child Development, 66(4), 1215-1234. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00932.x Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Chen, C., Uttal, D. H. (1988). Cultural values, parents’ beliefs, and children’s achievement in the United States and China. Human Development, 31, 351-358. doi:10.1159/000276334 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464-504. doi:10.1080/10705510701301834 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Christenson, S. L., Reschly, A. L., Appleton, J. J., Berman, S., Spanjers, D., Varro, P. (2008). Best practices in fostering student engagement. In Thomas, A., Grimes, J. (Eds.), Best practices in school psychology V (pp. 1099-1120). Washington, DC: National Association of School Psychologists. Google Scholar | |
|
Connell, J. P. (1990). Context, self, and action: A motivational analysis of self-system processes across the life-span. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), The self in transition: Infancy to childhood (pp. 61-67). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Connell, J. P., Wellborn, J. G. (1991). Competence, autonomy, and relatedness: A motivational analysis of self-system processes. In Gunnar, M. R., Sroufe, L. A. (Eds.), Minnesota symposia on child psychology (pp. 43-77). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Daly, B. P., Shin, R. Q., Thakral, C., Selders, M., Vera, E. (2009). School engagement among urban adolescents of color: Does perception of social support and neighborhood safety really matter? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 63-74. doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9294-7 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., Ageton, S. S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug use. Psychology in the Schools, 27, 91-92. doi:10.1002/1520-6807 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Finn, J. D. (1989). Withdrawing from school. Review of Educational Research, 59, 117-142. doi:10.1007/BF00991967 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Finn, J. D., Rock, D. A. (1997). Academic success among students at risk for school failure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 221-234. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.2.221 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., Friedel, J., Paris, A. (2005). School engagement. In Moore, K. A., Lippman, L. (Eds.), Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development: What do children need to flourish? (pp. 305-321). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74, 59-109. doi:10.3102/00346543074001059 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Fredricks, J. A., Eccles, J. S. (2002). Children’s competence and value beliefs from childhood through adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 38, 519-533. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.4.519 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Furrer, C., Skinner, E. (2003). Sense of relatedness as a factor in children’s academic engagement and performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 148-162. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.1.148 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Greene, B. A., Miller, R. B., Crowson, H. M., Duke, B. L., Akey, K. L. (2004). Predicting high school students’ cognitive engagement and achievement: Contributions of classroom perceptions and motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 29, 462-482. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2004.01.006 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gutman, L. M., Midgley, C. (2000). The role of protective factors in supporting the academic achievement of poor African American students during the middle school transition. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 223-248. doi:10.1023/a:1005108700243 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hazel, C. E., Vazirabadi, G. E., Albanes, J., Gallagher, J. (2014). Evidence of convergent and discriminant validity of the Student School Engagement Measure. Psychological Assessment, 26, 806-814. doi:10.1037/a0036277 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Henry, K. L., Knight, K. E., Thornberry, T. P. (2012). School disengagement as a predictor of dropout, delinquency, and problem substance use during adolescence and early adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41, 156-166. doi:10.1007/s10964-011-9665-3 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Hirschfield, P. J., Gasper, J. (2011). The relationship between school engagement and delinquency in late childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 3-22. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9579-5 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Ho, K. C., Yip, J. (2003). Youth.sg: The state of youth in Singapore. Singapore: National Youth Council. Google Scholar | |
|
Hu, L., Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Jimerson, S. R., Campos, E., Greif, J. L. (2003). Toward an understanding of definitions and measures of school engagement and related terms. The California School Psychologist, 8, 7-27. doi:10.1007/BF03340893 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35, 401-415. doi:10.1007/bf02291817 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Klem, A. M., Connell, J. P. (2004). Relationships matter: Linking teacher support to student engagement and achievement. Journal of School Health, 74, 262-273. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2004.tb08283.x Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Lawson, M. A., Lawson, H. A. (2013). New conceptual frameworks for student engagement research, policy, and practice. Review of Educational Research, 83, 432-479. doi:10.3102/0034654313480891 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Li, Y., Bebiroglu, N., Phelps, E., Lerner, R. M., Lerner, J. V. (2008). Out-of-school time activity participation, school engagement and positive youth development: Findings from the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development. Journal of Youth Development, 3(3), 8-21. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Li, Y., Lerner, J. V., Lerner, R. M. (2010). Personal and ecological assets and academic competence in early adolescence: The mediating role of school engagement. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 801-815. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9535-4 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Mappiasse, S. (2006). Developing and validating instruments for measuring democratic climate of the civic education classroom and student engagement in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. International Education Journal, 7, 580-597. Google Scholar | |
|
Marks, H. M. (2000). Student engagement in instructional activity: Patterns in the elementary, middle, and high school years. American Educational Research Journal, 37, 153-184. doi:10.3102/00028312037001153 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Marsh, L., McGee, R., Williams, S. (2014). School climate and aggression among New Zealand high school students. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 43(1), 28-37. Google Scholar | |
|
National Research Council & Institute of Medicine . (2004). Engaging schools: Fostering high school students’ motivation to learn. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Perdue, N. H., Manzeske, D. P., Estell, D. B. (2009). Early predictors of school engagement: Exploring the role of peer relationships. Psychology in the Schools, 46, 1084-1097. doi:10.1002/pits.20446 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Perry, J. C., Liu, X., Pabian, Y. (2010). School engagement as a mediator of academic performance among urban youth: The role of career preparation, parental career support, and teacher support. The Counseling Psychologist, 38, 269-295. doi:10.1177/0011000009349272 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Pintrich, P. R., De Groot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 33-50. doi:1037/0022-0663.82.1.33 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Raine, A., Dodge, K., Loeber, R., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, C., . . .Liu, J. (2006). The Reactive–Proactive Aggression Questionnaire: Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 159-171. doi:10.1002/ab.20115 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Reschly, A. L., Christenson, S. L. (2012). Moving from “context matters” to engaged partnerships with families. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 22, 62-78. doi:10.1080/10474412.2011.649650 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Rumberger, R. W. (1987). High school dropouts: A review of issues and evidence. Review of Educational Research Summer, 57, 101-121. doi:10.3102/00346543057002101 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Schneider, B., Hieshima, J. A., Lee, S., Plank, S. (1994). East-Asian academic success in the United States: Family, school, and community explanations. In Greenfield, P.M., Cocking, R.R. (Eds.), Cross- cultural roots of minority child development (pp. 323-350). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Simons-Morton, B., Chen, R. (2009). Peer and parent influences on school engagement among early adolescents. Youth & Society, 41, 3-25. doi:10.1177/0044118x09334861 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Singapore Police Force . (2010). Crime situation for 2010. Retrieved from http://www.police.gov.sg/img/stats/crimebrief2010.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Skinner, E., Furrer, C., Marchand, G., Kindermann, T. (2008). Engagement and disaffection in the classroom: Part of a larger motivational dynamic? Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 765-781. doi:10.1037/a0012840 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Stipek, D. J. (2002). Motivation to learn: Integrating theory and practice. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Google Scholar | |
|
Vandenberg, R. J., Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 4-70. doi:10.1177/109442810031002 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Veiga, F. H. (2012). Proposal to the PISA of a new scale of students’ engagement in school. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 1224-1231. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.279 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Voelkl, K. E. (1996). Measuring students’ identification with school. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56, 760-770. doi:10.1177/0013164496056005003 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Voelkl, K. E. (1997). Identification with school. American Journal of Education, 105, 294-318. doi:10.1086/444158 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wang, M.-T., Fredricks, J. (2014). The reciprocal links between school engagement, youth problem behaviors, and school dropout during adolescence. Child Development, 85, 722-737. doi:10.1111/cdev.12138 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Wang, M.-T., Holcombe, R. (2010). Adolescents’ perceptions of school environment, engagement, and academic achievement in middle school. American Educational Research Journal, 47, 633-662. doi:10.3102/0002831209361209 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Wang, M. T., Willett, J. B., Eccles, J. S. (2011). The assessment of school engagement: Examining dimensionality and measurement invariance by gender and race/ethnicity. Journal of School Psychology, 49, 465-480. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2011.04.001 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI |
